The Odyssey - Telemachus Journey - 1219 Words

When does a boy become a man? This rite of passage is explored in Robert Fagles translation of Homer s epic poem, The Odyssey. Odysseus (king of Ithaca) fought in the Trojan War for ten years and after the fall of Troy he spent the next ten years trying to get home. He left behind an infant son, Telemachus, and a devoted wife, Penelope. Although they longed for Odysseus return, Penelope and Telemachus were the perfect hosts to wayward strangers - even as their estate became overrun with arrogant suitors - men intent on marrying Penelope and taking possession of the throne. Athena, goddess and daughter of Zeus, is instrumental in encouraging Telemachus to begin his journey to adulthood saying, You must not cling to your boyhood any†¦show more content†¦At which time, Helen, daughter of Zeus and wife of Menelaus, enters the room and gazes upon her husband s visitors, her proclamation, directed to Telemachus, confirms Nestor s beliefs: ... My heart tells me to come right out and say I ve never seen such a likeness, neither in man nor woman - I m amazed at the sight. To the life he s like the son of great Odysseus, surely he is Telemachus! The boy that hero left a babe in arms... (4, 155 - 159) This statement is very telling as it defines not only the appearance of the great Odysseus, but also the son he left behind. Furthermore, it begins to develop a timeline of actions by announcing that Odysseus left home when Telemachus was only a baby. Nestor recognizes that Odysseus appearance, vivacity, and personality are apparent in his progeny, Telemachus. This is encouraging to Telemachus as he hears that he resembles the great king Odysseus. As Telemachus presses for news of what has become of his father, Telemachus learns that his father may yet be alive and held captive by a goddess-nymph named Calypso. He then glorifies the strong will of Orestes and encourages Telemachus to do the same: And you, my friend - / how tall and handsome I see you now - be brave, you too, / so men to come will sing your praises down the years. (3, 226 - 227). Just as The Odyssey focuses on Odysseus as a mighty soldier it also progressively hints that Telemachus willShow MoreRelatedComparing and Contrasting the Journeys of Odysseus’ and Telemachus’ in The Odyssey 863 Words   |  4 PagesOdysseus’ and Telemachus’ journeys or nostos were both very similar and different. They parallel each other in some ways but they are also completely different at other times. Telemachus starts as a younger, less mature boy, and without the presence of his father during his childhood, he becomes a timid, shy and spineless boy who is greatly pampered by his mother. He has even more to achieve, being the son of a world-famous father, and this is a very difficult reputation to live up to. His journey, and afterRead MoreThe Odyssey By Robert Fagles926 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Odyssey delineates a journey as both a transformative and life-changing experience that does not necessitate physical travel. Such characters as Odysseus , Telemachus, Penelope, and Athena have undergone physical, imaginative, spiritual, and emotional travel, which has had a telling influence on their lives. The journeys have played a critical role in shaping, transforming, and developing the characters. This paper will detail the journeys undertaken by various characters in the Odyssey. OdysseusRead MoreThe Aeneid Of Virgil And Virgil1512 Words   |  7 PagesHomer, in The Odyssey, has the lack of a real relationship between Odysseus and Telemachus due to the fact that Odysseus has not been in a majority of Telemachus’ life. On the surface, The Odyssey and The Aeneid of Virgil and their father-son relationships may appear different but they are both significant in the fact that both of the fathers are what motivate their sons to go on their journeys and help them become the men that they are by the end of the text. In The Odyssey, Telemachus has had to growRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer And The 1997 Movie Analysis1265 Words   |  6 Pages The Odyssey Gabi Pervis Mr. Peden Pre AP World History 19 October 2017 The book The Odyssey by Homer and the 1997 movie The Odyssey portrayed many real world learning aspects into each take of the story. The book and the movie both had many big ideas that were expressed as the same but had many detailed and specific ideas that were different. The role of family is extremely valued in The Odyssey. Chaos might strike a family, but it always comes back to an initial pointRead MoreOdysseus As An Epic Journey In The Odyssey By Homers Odyssey900 Words   |  4 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Influenced by the title of The Odyssey by Homer, an Odyssey is defined as an epic journey. The Odyssey, by Homer and translated by Robert Fagles, explores the epic journey of the title character Odysseus on his voyage home from the Trojan War. However, the first four books of The Odyssey focus on Odysseuss son, Telemachus, and his journey to become â€Å"the true son of Odysseus† (2.2). This role requires Telemachus to emulate the qualities that Odysseus held while the king of Ithaca prior to theRead MoreOdysseus V Telemachus Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesJon Dunlap 3/8/12 Odysseus v Telemachus Period 2 â€Å"Maturity has more to do with what types of experiences youve had, and what youve learned from them, and less to do with how many birthdays youve celebrated.† – Anonymous (Thinkexist.com). Maturity is a key theme during the journeys of Telemachus and Odysseus. In Homer’s Odyssey the journeys of Telemachus and Odysseus have many similarities and differences such as their common goal and the lessons they learn; and only by overcomingRead MoreAthena In The Odyssey1592 Words   |  7 Pages The story of homer s epic poem the The Odyssey takes place ten years after the Trojan War is over. There are many heroes of the war that come home to their families, however there are even more that are lost through the long struggling years of the war. Of the few who stayed behind, Odysseus goes through battle after battle, problem after problem, and has had the most trouble coming home. The story opens in the tenth year since the war has ended, almost 20 years since our mighty hero OdysseusRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer, Annotated Bibliography Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pageshe Odyssey, as written by Homer, intricately and excitingly weaves Colin Renfrew’s Subsystem Theories throughout the entire play. Many of the five subsystem theories can be seen and support understanding of the novel. Of the five systems, trade/communication, social/ political hierarchy and symbolic subsystems will be the focus of analysis in this paper. All of these subsystems come together in The Odysse y to explain the characters and their lives, and also how they fit into the society which theyRead MoreThe Iliad and the Odyssey1510 Words   |  7 Pagesand the Odyssey are two classic stories told by Homer. Within these two stories the roles of the gods are very important to the story line and how they affect the characters throughout. In the Iliad, more gods are involved with the characters whereas in the Odyssey there are only two major gods that affect two major characters. The roles of the gods in the Iliad are through two different stances of immortal versus immortal and mortal versus immortal. The roles of the gods in the Odyssey are throughRead More The Maturation of Telemachus in Homers Odyssey Essays890 Words   |  4 PagesThe Maturation of Telemachus in Homers Odyssey       The Odyssey was a great book in which many characters were brought out and developed.   The most significant development that occured in the epic was the development of Telemachus.   Telemachus is a very complex character that Homer develops from beginning to end.   From the beginning when is a mere shadow of his father to near the end in which he is considered just as courageous.   Many factors influence Telemachus as he matures into

Creative Writing My Life - 771 Words

He stood tall in the small crowd, no one seemed to notice him leaning against the pole, eyes glued to his phone. I watched him from across the room, his chocolate curls swept to the right a small ringlet protruding the opposite way in protest. He catches me staring, as he looks up, he flashes a mouthful of perfectly straight white teeth. Looking away, I try not to be obvious, I glance back in hope of catching another glimpse of this perfect human but my heart sinks as the slim figure is nowhere to be found. A firm finger taps my shoulder, turning to see who requests my attention I realise it’s the guy from across the room. â€Å"Hi i’m Tom†. A deep English voice fills my ears, his voice bringing me comfort and excitement. I feel small as I look†¦show more content†¦Trudging along the cobblestone path I feel eyes watching my every move following me as I walked along side a man I just met. Trying not to look down every alleyway as my imagination runs wild with fear of what, or rather who could be lurking in the shadows. I keep my eyes forward in the hope that we’ll soon be out of the dark. A large shadow grows beneath the low light of a street lamp up ahead; uncertain of its cause my body is consumed by apprehension. Focusing on the clicking of my heels as we neared the shadow I proceed with caution, dashing past the alley, turning only to see a large rodent scamper across Tom’s foot. â€Å"Hey, you alright?† In my alarmed disposition Tom’s voice gave me comfort â€Å"Uh yeah i’m fine, I just thought it was going to be something else†, hearing the shakiness in my tone Tom stopped turning to me he slid off his shearling coat offering it to me with the kindest of smiles. Not taking no for an answer, he draped the coat over my numb shoulders. Leading out of a one way street and into the city lights I found my cheeks aching from the ecstatic smile plastered across my face. Stopping in my tracks i t suddenly clicked that i’m halfway across the world; with the London eye standing high above me, every carriage lit up as though it was a dream. Continuing on Tom turned back waiting for me to join him in line for tickets. Consisting mostly of asian tourists the line moved sluggishly as the large wheel spun on it’sShow MoreRelatedCreative Writing : My Life1474 Words   |  6 Pagesthat trap you. Toxic plotting cleared the air as the slow creak of the door echoed in the room. Mouths silenced and heads bowed in submission, they were playing the part, cautious and fearful. Hearts spoke prayers in hope of invisibility. From under my eyelashes I faintly distinguished the singed fringes of his tightly wound lace. Feet like anvils, glided across the glossed floor which contrasted with the ebony skinned boots. Thick at the soul and polished at the toes, they deceitfully drifting smoothlyRead MoreCreative Writing : My Life824 Words   |  4 Pagesof it is gone from my memory. My desk sat second in the column, the fifth and furthest row from the door. The movie Sybil wrapping up on the screen off to the side of me. We all sat in the general sleepy fog as the lights switched back on, putting the room back into normal academic mode. My eyes shot around the room, spending a second to scan all the cheesy teacher posters and quotes from Freud that hung on the walls. I yawned as my eyes zo ned out, hearing bits and pieces of my peers comment on theRead MoreCreative Writing : My Life1380 Words   |  6 Pagesgreat time with my new friends. We spent some time walking around the mall, stopped for lunch, and headed back home. John wanted me to go back to his apartment, yet I felt too uncomfortable being alone with him in his domain. â€Å"Thank you, once again for taking me,† I say as I exit the car. â€Å"Thanks for coming out with us,† says Patsy. This time, I wait by the building door and wave them goodbye before heading inside. As I skip my way up the stairs, ready to tell Alice about my day, my phone shrillsRead MoreCreative Writing : My Life966 Words   |  4 Pagesin. Today was August 2005, and school was nearing a little bit faster than I had hoped. I was on the swing, reading one of my favorite books. The blue bird in the distance called out, and I slowly drifted into sleep. â€Å"Calla Andrews you better get your butt up!† Mom yelled to me. I jerked awake, opening my eyes to a tall figure. My entire family had brown eyes, except me. My little brother constantly reminded me of that difference, and sometimes asked if I was adopted. Mom had always laughed atRead MoreCreative Writing : My Life1063 Words   |  5 Pagesaround us. Theres twenty of us all wearing the same dark blue shirt with the saying NYG 2016 stripping the sleeve we all crawl out the door our eyes drooping, backs slumped, legs moving like a baby preparing for walking. My hands fall and fingers go limp as I throw my arms to my side, we head out the door, leaving behind the place on high alert. With thousands of people passing through every day, many sleeping on the black seats that are in rows. Stores, and restaurants that were way overpriced,Read MoreCreative Writing : My Life887 Words   |  4 Pagesright away, making my stomach turn. I continue to walk around the corner, feeling a slight pulse in my ears. â€Å" Have a seat here. â€Å" the office r points to the end stool near the white painted wall. I drag my feet as I walk to the sit stool that connects to the dividing wall, and face the glass. On the other side of the glass is a empty chair that will soon to be filled with many things. â€Å" Remember that I can hear your conversation. â€Å" the officer looked me cold into the eyes, I nodded my head and triedRead MoreCreative Writing : My Life900 Words   |  4 Pagesthe back doors. As my mom and I left the driveway I waved out the window to lucy- the landlord who has been our landlord since I was born. (14 years ago)- and I turned around, placing my headphones on my head. My mom (who was driving) rolled her eyes. â€Å"All teenagers do is listen to their music,† she said thinking I couldn’t hear her. â€Å"Actually, I am listening to a book, thank you very much,† I stated as I took off my head phones. I think I scared my mom. We giggled. I rested my head on the body ofRead MoreCreative Writing : My Life1325 Words   |  6 Pagesstood waiting for you in my apartment, staring out the black window. My reflection in the warm pale light, legs crossed, half-sat on the arm of the broken sleeper sofa, drinking a beer from the corner store up the street. The lamp on the end table next to me, the rest of the room mirrored behind. Taupe walls, dusty gray carpet, slow-spinning ceiling fan. The shine of the microwave in the kitchenette. Cabinets, sink, refrigerator. The high black table at the tile edge. My bed pushed up in the backRead MoreCreative Writing : My Life830 Words   |  4 PagesWhen lunch period came around, I stepped out of my previous classroom and started walking towards the cafeteria to look for Niall. I turned the corner stepping towards the cafeteria entrance when I feel a strong grip tug on my arm. I turn my head in time to see a closed door. I smell the faint cologne Ive grown to feel nervous around. What are you doing, Harry? I ask looking up at his face hidden in the shadows of his features. Howd you know it was me? He asks chuckling and pushing his curlsRead MoreCreative Writing : My Life1895 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Ms. Swan we have to stop meeting like this.† I’m sure my mouth is doing a perfect imitation of a fish as I stand staring at him. What is he doing here?! His jade eyes seem to almost shine in the evening light, his hair caught in the faint rays of sunlight left, a small smile on his face. What seems like a few hours later, but I’m sure is only a few seconds I finally respond. â€Å"Wh- What are you doing here Edward?† â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He pauses. â€Å"I couldn’t stop thinking about you after we spoke this morning

Nature Ralph Walden Emerson and Henry David Thoreau Walden

SELDA PUR 2009105153 ‘NATURE’ AND ‘WALDEN’ ‘Nature’ and ‘Walden’ are two art works basically giving the similar messages to the readers. Their writers are different but one of the things which make these works similar is Henry David Thoreau is affected by Ralph Waldo Emerson’s works and ideas very much. Secondly, their essays are both inspired from transcendentalism movement. Finally, their theme are both the same, they deal with mainly the idea of ‘nature’. While comparing these two essays, it is better to look at them deeper separately. Nature is an essay written by Ralph Waldo Emerson and published in 1836. The importance of this work is that transcendentalism arose with this art of work. Transcendentalism is mainly a combination of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœWalden’ is written by Henry David Thoreau and published in 1854. This art of work is a product of a real experience and inspired by the transcendentalism movement. Not only his writing style is inspired by transcendentalism but also Thoreau applied this movement, idea in his life style and wanted to experience this idea. It can be said that transcendentalism is not only an idea for Thoreau, but it is also must be put into practice in real life and this shows his pragmatic approach. Thoreau by living in a cabin for two years near Walden Pond which is formally owned by Emerson wanted to create his own perception of society and nature. He focused on simple ways of living and self-sufficiency. He decided to direct his life in this way when he encountered Emerson’s works. He liked the idea, movement ‘transcendentalism’ and actually practiced it. Living with no money and alone, only with nature and understanding the society by this way was his main goal. He shared his experiences in his book Walden. He did not live in a wild environment as he mentioned also in his book, he lived near the town near a lake. He pragmatically wanted to see if living in this simplicity is really good or not. In Walden, he firstly explains his plans for this two-year life in a cabin. In this simple life, he has just food, shelter, clothes and fuel. He supplies these with the help of his friends and family. In his work, he criticizes his neighbors who dedicate their lives to workingShow MoreRelatedThe True Transcendentalist: Thoreau and Emerson775 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Romanticism which was filled with emotion, individuality, and nature. But one of the greatest literary movements the one that will be focused on is transcendentalism. Transcendentalism is intuition and individual conscience that helps lead to the truth. When transcendentalism began to start two people played a major role Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, but who is truly a transcendentalist. Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 25, 1803. His father wasRead More Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of Transcendentalism730 Words   |  3 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of Transcendentalism Transcendentalism was a movement in writing that took place in the mid-nineteenth century. It formed in the early to mid nineteenth century and reached it climax around 1850 during an era commonly referred to as the American Renaissance, America’s Golden Day, or the Flowering of New England. The basic tenets of Transcendentalism involve the relationships between one’s self and the world at large. First, the searchRead MoreEarly American Transcendentalism1204 Words   |  5 Pagesreligion and physical progression. During the early nineteenth century, Ralph Emerson, Henry Thoreau, and other radical individuals challenged the present day theories of values, ethics, and what it means to live life to the fullest (Timko). If early American transcendentalists were living among civilians today, would present day civilians think the earlier activists were radical and psychotic? During this time, Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, â€Å"There are always two parties, the party of the Past and the partyRead MoreTranscendentalism: Henry David Thoreau Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesHenry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts. Thoreau grew up in poverty; his dad was unsuccessful and had trouble maintaining a steady job. Thoreau followed in his fatherâ₠¬â„¢s footsteps, ultimately bouncing from job to job, scorned by society for his unconventional way of living and lack of income (Henry David Thoreau, Discovering Biography). Thoreau began to write with the guidance of Ralph Waldo Emerson who became one of the most important influences in his life. LivingRead MoreTranscendentalism And Ralph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau807 Words   |  4 Pagesfamous ambassadors, Ralph Waldo Emerson and apprentice Henry David Thoreau. These men believed nature is what forces us not to depend on other ideas but to develop our own. Born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 25, 1803 as the fourth child in a family of eight, Ralph Waldo Emerson was brought up in an atmosphere where seven of his ancestors were ministers, and his father, William Emerson (who died when Emerson was eight), was minister of the First Church (Unitarian) of Boston. Emerson graduated in 1821Read MoreRelationship between Man and Nature in Emerson and Thoreau859 Words   |  3 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were writers of 1800s during the age of romanticism and transcendentalism. Henry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817, in concord, Massachusetts. He began writing nature poetry in the 1840s with poet Ralph Waldo Emerson as a mentor and friend. In 1845 he began his famous two –year stay on Walden pond, which he wrote about his master work, Walden. He also became known for his beliefs in Transcendentalism and civil disobedience, and was dedicated abolitionistRead More Compare and Contrast the Way in which Emerson a nd Thoreau Represents American Identity1290 Words   |  6 Pages Therefore, American writers namely Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau presented an idea about American Identity. Emerson in The American Scholar and Thoreau in Walden represents the idea of American identity by connecting this concept with nature and individuality but Emerson presents his idea about American identity in an intelligent manner whereas Thoreau uses mockery to present his idea. Emerson and Thoreau both have connected the idea of nature and individuality to represent an AmericanRead MoreThe Relationship between Man and Nature in Emerson and Thoreau Part 51007 Words   |  5 Pagesman and nature in Emerson and Thoreau? Ralph Waldo Emerson was born on May 25th, 1803 and died on April 1882. He was a poet, lecturer and essay writer. Slowly he started to disbelieve in his religion and social believes and started to study philosophy like Plato (Transcendental, nature). Keeping in mind his philosophy studies he gave a speech on â€Å"The American scholar† in 1837. Only during 1932 â€Å"The American Scholar† became the most popular magazine, where a speech was declared by Emerson to the peopleRead MoreThe Naturalists Of American Literature1087 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Literature 4/9/2015 The Naturalists of American Literature Henry David Thoreau tests the ideas of Ralph Waldo Emerson by living at a place known as Walden Pond. Here at Walden Pond, Thoreau discovers that in a physical aspect, nature brings a deepness into our minds and into our souls. One’s imagination is uplifted, and this changes a person’s entire perspective of life. Both Thoreau and Emerson believed that nature forces people to not have to depend on others ideas. People are able toRead MoreTranscendentalism and Transcendental Meditation1471 Words   |  6 Pageslight and power; he believes in inspiration, and in ecstasy.(Emerson 196). These two lines written by Ralph Waldo Emerson exemplify the whole movement of transcendentalist writers and what they believed in. Though to the writers, transcendentalism was a fight for a belief, unknown to them they could have been fighting for the betterment of human health. The transcendentalist writings of Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson have directly affected the heal th of modern society through the

The Suicide Of A Person Who Kills Him - 1572 Words

To commit suicide is when a person who kills him/herself. In the year of 2014, 1,668 teenagers commit suicide in United State. Each year the number of suicides gets higher. Teenager who suicides were being impulsive, impulsiveness is when the person acts without thinking through a plan or its consequences. The most common age that who commit suicide is the age of thirteen through eighteen. At the age of thirteen through eighteen, they go through puberty. So at that time they have many problems going on around them. Seventy-seven percent of all suicide is males and thirty-four percent of females’ suicide. The report shows that females have higher rates†¦show more content†¦He was upset about his grade that he got a bad mark on a math test and he was afraid what his parents’ reaction would be and he wants to talk to somebody, but his girlfriend just broke up with him so, he h as no one to talk to. He went to his parents’ room and opens the safe, there was a gun and he thought about it that he wants to kill himself. He heard his little sister opening the front door that she was coming from school. So, Evan thought that his little sister would be alone, so he put away the gun back to the safe and join his sister to watch television. After a while he thought about it, that he wants to kill himself and it a scary thought and how he was grateful that in the end he didn’t kill himself. He spoke to his parents about it and they told him that they will help him and that they are there for him and told him that everything would be okay. This shows that sometime teenagers want to kill themselves to have not the feeling of loneliness at that moment, but afterwards when they change their mind and realize their mistakes. Teenagers are young and they should live up for their rest of their live; there are many reasons why teenagers would kill themselves. Teenagers would suicide because it will kill themselves faster and are less painful. Ninety percent of teens have a mental health problem for examples, being depressed, have anxiety, drug orShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1356 Words   |  6 Pagesactions taken against him. Throughout the play, there are many examples of how Hamlet displays his insanity due to certain situations he experiences and how he handles them. Hamlet shows his madness through the killing of Polonius, his treatment of Ophelia, his thoughts of suicide, and the treatment of his mother Gertrude. The first example of Hamlet’s obvious madness is the killing of Polonius. â€Å"After the closet scene, the Queen comes to speak to Claudius. She tells him, as Hamlet has asked herRead MoreGreenland Is The Suicide Capital Of The World874 Words   |  4 PagesGreenland is to be considered the suicide capital of the world. The government of Greenland states that one in five people have attempted suicide. Then other teachers will state that one in five people have attempted suicide. Which means that greenland has a bigger suicide rate than the government realizes. The people who commit suicide the most are teenagers. Some of most the people are boys 15 to 19. The reason most people kill them self in greenland is two reasons. Greenland does not receive enoughRead MoreTexas Penal Code : A Person Commits Manslaughter Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesCode Ann.  § 5-10-104 – (a) A person commits manslaughter if: . . . (2) The person purposely causes or aids another person t o commit suicide[.]; 4. California Penal Code  § 401 – Every person who deliberately aids, or advises, or encourages another to commit suicide, is guilty of a felony.; 5. Colorado Rev. Stat. Ann.  § 18-3-104 – (1) A person commits the crime of manslaughter if: . . . (b) Such person intentionally causes or aids another person to commit suicide.; 6. Connecticut Gen. StatRead MoreHyundai Commercial Analysis Essay988 Words   |  4 Pageseasily forgotten. However the impact of this message can be an extremely negative image for Hyundai. The image they end up portraying can cause extremely negative publicity or send people the wrong message. Portraying the message that committing suicide is both acceptable and can be extremely easy. The advertisement I’ve picked ended up being the Hyundai commercial attempting to sell their new air filter with 100% water emissions. Furthermore the video starts out with a front view of a house inRead MoreThe Client Of A Mental Health Facility989 Words   |  4 PagesThe Client’s Right To Die A client that has expressed he has been suffering from severe bipolar disorder and his quality of life is so compromised by his illness that he logically and rationally chooses suicide, should be involuntary admitted to a mental health facility. As a counselor for the client it is ethically necessary to try to minimize harm where it is foreseeable and unavoidable (3.04, American Psychological Association, 2002). Subsequently, petitioning to have the client admitted toRead MoreDavid Hume s Morality Of Suicide1722 Words   |  7 PagesDavid Hume argues against those who oppose the morality of suicide. He approaches this discussion in a philosophical manner and disregards a superstitious mind set as he claims can lead to ‘false opinion’. A man of superstition is prevented from ending his life that is filled with extreme misery because a superstitious deposition adds to the fear of death rendering a man helpless from the control over his own destiny. â€Å"†¦when th e menaces of superstition are joined to this natural timidity, no wonderRead MoreThe International Code Of Medical Ethics1414 Words   |  6 PagesI think those who have a terminal illness and are in great pain should have the right to choose to end their lives, and those who help them should be free from prosecution, British cosmologist Stephen Hawking told the BBC. Live and Death is directly or indirectly controlled by universal energy to whom we call God. A person who is suffering from the severe brain damage, his/her body system is partially working but brain is almost dead has universal right to live till his/her last breath but, asRead MoreHonor-Shame Code in The Tale of the Heike Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pagescould defeat an opponent by exiling him, insulting him, or even taking revenge upon him. Because being defeated was shameful, warriors would kill themselves before being killed by the opponent. If a warrior failed in his duty, suicide would be the necessary measure ta ken to regain honor. Not only could suicide be a way to gain honor, it could also be a way to shame someone. If you prohibit your enemy from killing himself (exiling him) then you have shamed him. It was the warriors’ duty in Heike toRead MoreEssay Voluntary Euthanasia and Life Support1077 Words   |  5 Pagesreviving the patient in case of a heart failure, et cetera. There is also assisted suicide. Dr. Kevorkian and his suicide machine have made themselves known through this technique. The machine injects a lethal dosage into the patients blood stream, killing then painlessly within ten minutes. The first type mentioned above is known as active voluntary euthanasia. This is where a conscious, mentally competent person, usually with a severe physical ailment, loses the will to live. Many have saidRead MoreThe Theme of Death in Romeo and Juliet921 Words   |  4 Pagesdeaths. Throughout the play the reader is able to identify two types of death; death by suicide and death by homicide. A conscientious reader can as well realize that Romeo catalyzes all these deaths. Death by suicide is exemplified by the death of Romeo and Juliet. In order to analyze the subtheme of suicide Shakespeare’s intentions in making the two kill themselves, and the reasons that drive the lovers to suicide should be considered. When Juliet’s perspective is adopted the reader sees that no

Evolution Of Strategic Management Theory â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Evolution Of The Strategic Management Theory? Answer: Introduction Each organization has a global strategy, despite the fact that it may not be expressly explained. This strategy no doubt advanced after some time as the organization rose to unmistakable quality in its local market and reflects key decisions about what value it gives to whom and how, and at what cost and cost. Anytime, these decisions are reflected in the organization's essential plan of action, a reason the system that abridges how an organization makes, conveys, and separates value (Kim et al., 2013). A plan of action is in this way just a portrayal of how an organization works together. An organization's value suggestion makes the center out of its plan of action; it incorporates all that it offers its clients in a particular market or section. This involves not just the organization's groups of items and administrations yet also how the organization separates itself from its rivals. A value recommendation, in this manner, comprises of the full scope of substantial and elusive adv antages an organization gives to its clients (partners). The market investment measurement of a plan of action has three parts. It depicts what particular markets or fragments an organization serves, locally or abroad; what strategies for conveyance it uses to achieve its clients; and how it advances and publicizes its value recommendation to its objective clients. The value chain framework measurement of the plan of action manages such inquiries as, what key inner assets and abilities have the organization made to help the picked value recommendation and target markets. Also, what accomplice arrange has it amassed to help the plan of action; and how are these exercises sorted out into a, by and large, intelligent value creation and conveyance display? The global administration sub model outlines an organization's decisions about a reasonable global organizational structure and administration strategies. Global organization and administration style are firmly connected. In organizations that are sorted out principally around global item di visions, the administration is frequently profoundly incorporated. Conversely, organizations working with a more geographic organizational structure are overseen on a more decentralized premise (Anna Telin, 2016). Global Strategy as a Business Model Every industry was described by a solitary prevailing business display. In such a scene, upper hand was won principally through better execution, more proficient procedures, lean organizations, and item advancement. While execution and item development still issue, they are never again adequate today. Organizations are presently working in enterprises that are portrayed by various and existing together plans of action. The upper hand is progressively accomplished through engaged and inventive plans of action. Consider the carrier, music, media communications, or keeping money enterprises. In everyone, there are distinctive plans of action contending with each other. In the aircraft business, for instance, there are the customary banner bearers, the minimal effort carriers, the business-class-just carriers, and the partial private-stream proprietorship organizations. Every plan of action encapsulates an alternate way to deal with accomplishing an upper hand (Ball, 2015). Southwest Airlines' plan of action, for instance, can be depicted as advertising to clients the other option of traveling via auto, transport, or prepared by giving them a no-nonsense flight benefit, upgraded through reciprocal exercises. Southwest's business display contrasts from those of other major U.S. carriers along a few measurements. It is about more than low tolls, point-to-point associations, and the utilization of an institutionalized armada of flying machine. A key separating factor is a way Southwest treats its workersputting them first with benefit sharing and strengthening programs. Another is the fun encounter Southwest makes on board and in the terminal, with jokes, tests, and the casual conduct of the lodge team and ground staff. However, another is the incredible care, and consideration Southwest puts into its client benefit. Of course, Southwest's obviously fruitful plan of action has brought forth various imitators around the globe. Apple Inc. gives a case of why it is valuable to concentrate on an organization's general plan of action instead of individual segments, for example, items, markets, or providers. While it is enticing to think about the iPod as an effective item, it is considerably more. Less noticeable than rethinking the size, look, and usefulness of an MP3 player, Apple's genuine development was making an advanced rights administration framework that could fulfill the licensed innovation worries of the music business while at the same time making a lawful music download benefit that would fulfill buyers. Accordingly, Apple's genuine leap forward was bad item plan; it was the making of a progressive plan of actionone that enabled individuals to discover and lawfully download excellent music records to a great degree effortlessly yet that would not permit the pilfering of whole collections. Put unexpectedly; the iPod was the front-end of an exceptionally savvy and very separated stage that worked fo r both the music business and the buyer. That stage, the iTunes Music Storewhich now likewise offers advanced music recordings, network shows, iPod diversions, and full-length motion picturesis at the very heart of Apple's vital move into purchaser gadgets. Permitting later Apple items like the iPhone and Apple TV to match up with PCs as effectively as the iPod. Itunes is the Trojan stallion with which Apple intends to catch a noteworthy offer of the home stimulation advertise. An organization's business strategy as far as its plan of action permits the unequivocal thought of the rationale or design of every segment in relationship to others as an arrangement of plan decisions can be changed. Accordingly, considering each part of the plan of actionand methodically difficult orthodoxies inside these segmentsessentially expands the degree for advancement and enhances the odds of building a maintainable upper hand (Binod Devi, 2013). At the point when an organization chooses to venture into remote markets, it must take its business demonstrate separated and consider the effect of the global extension of every segment of the model. For instance, regarding its value suggestion, an organization must choose whether or not to adjust its company's core strategy as it moves into new markets. This choice is personally connected to a decision of what markets or areas to enter and why. When choices have been made about the what (the value suggestion) and where (market scope) of global extension, decisions should be made about the howregardless of whether to adjust items to neighborhood needs and inclinations or institutionalize them for global upper hand. Regardless of whether to embrace a uniform market around the world; which value-adding exercises to keep in-house, which to outsource, and which to migrate to different parts of the worldet cetera. Eventually, choices should be made about how to sort out and deal with these endeavors on a global premise. Together, these choices characterize an organization's global key concentrate on a continuum from a global introduction to a more nearby one. Making a global strategy, in this way is tied in with choosing how an organization should change or adjust its center (residential) plan of action to accomplish an upper hand as the firm globalizes its operations. Global Branding As organizations grow globally, a brand can be the best resource a firm has, yet it likewise can rapidly lose its energy on the off chance that it comes to connote something other than what's expected in each market. Effectively utilizing a brand's energy globally expects organizations to consider conglomeration, adjustment, and arbitrage procedures all in the meantime, starting with characterizing the general "absolute entirety" of each one of an organization's brands (accumulation). After that communicating that in reasonable words, pictures, and music (adjustment and arbitrage). In doing as such, remittance must be made for adaptability in execution in light of the fact that even the littlest contrasts in various markets' shopper inclinations, propensities, or basic societies can represent the moment of truth a brand's global achievement. In permitting such adaptability, a key thought is a way an item's present situating in a specific market may influence the organization's future offerings (David Russell, 2014). If an item is situating shifts essentially in various markets, any "take after on items" will probably be situated contrastingly also, and this raises costs and can make operational issues (Ki-Hoon Stefan, 2014). Johnson and Johnson (JJ) won't yield premium evaluating for its notable brands. It trusts that its mainstream Band-Aid strips are better than contenders' items, and a top-notch cost is an approach to flag that. Even in this measurement of its promoting strategy, JJ must take into consideration some act of spontaneity as it grows far and wide and pushes further into emerging markets. In particular, the organization acknowledges bring down edges in a creating market and some of the time conveys a little amount of an item to make it more moderate. For example, it may offer a four-pack of Band-Aids rather than the bigger box it showcases in the created world, or a specimen estimated container of child cleanser rather than a full-sized one. Precisely holding fast to a specific situating is both conglomeration and adjustment; this makes consistency in various world markets, yet it likewise serves to characterize target portions as the organization enters new nations or districts. Consider the choice by Diageo, the British lager and-spirits organization, to stick to premium evaluating wherever it works together, notwithstanding when it enters another market. By anticipating an excellent situating for brands, for example, Smirnoff vodka, Johnnie Walker Black, Tanqueray gin, Captain Morgan rum, and Guinness, and prior value slicing to develop volume, it distinguishes faithful customers who will pay for its outstanding items. Instead of offer its items' useful advantages, Diageo effectively advertises its beverages as either refined, as it does with Tanqueray, or cool, as it does with Captain Morgan in its current "Got a Little Captain in You?" promotion crusade. According to Eden (2013), multinational organizations ordinarily work with one of three brand structures: (a) a corporate principal, (b) an item overwhelming, or (c) a crossbreed structure. A corporate overwhelming brand structure is most normal among firms with a moderately constrained item or decent market variety, for example, Toyota. Item prevailing structures, interestingly, are frequently utilized by (for the most part modern) organizations that have different national or neighborhood brands or by firms that have extended globally by utilizing their "energy" brands. The most usually utilized structure is a half-breed (consider Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate or Toyota Corolla autos) comprising of a blend of global (corporate), local, and national item level brands or distinctive structures for various item divisions (Fillis, 2010). In many organizations, "global" marking advances as the organization enters new nations or, then again grows item offerings inside a current nation. Ordinarily, extension choices are made incrementally, and regularly on a nation-by-nation, item division, or product offering premise, without considering their suggestions on the general adjustment or intelligence of the global brand portfolio. As their global market nearness advances and turns out to be all the more nearly interlinked, in any case, organizations must give careful consideration to the rationality of their marking choices crosswise over national markets and detail a powerful global brand strategy that rises above national limits. Likewise, they should choose how to oversee brands that traverse diverse geographic markets and product offerings, who ought to have guardianship of universal brands and who is in charge of planning their situation in various national or territorial markets, and additionally settling on choices about the utilization of a given brand name on different items (Eyun?Jung Linda, 2012). To settle on such choices, organizations must define an intelligent arrangement of standards to direct the power utilization of brands in the global commercial center. These standards must characterize the organization's "image design," that is, give a manual for choosing which brands ought to be stressed at what levels in the organization, how marks are utilized and stretched out crosswise over product offerings and nations, and the degree of brand coordination crosswise over national limits (Farhad Akram, 2012). Conclusion We have exhibited a system that permits a basic combination of the ideas of strategy, plan of action, and strategies. In our detailing, strategy and plan of action, however, related, are diverse ideas. A plan of action is the immediate aftereffect of strategy yet it is not simply the strategy. Our system recognizes strategies and strategy. This detachment is conceivable because strategy and plan of action are diverse builds. Strategic association (organizations influencing each other when acting inside the limits set by their plans of action) has all-around characterized tenets of play, (activity sets are surely known, the mapping from activities to settlements are anything but difficult to observe, and best reactions can be effectively made sense of), on the grounds that plans of action compel the strategic sets, and amusement hypothesis can be effortlessly connected to anticipate focused progression and results. Vital connection (organizations influencing each other through strateg y; that is, by changing their plans of action) is more unpredictable. To start with, the principles of the amusement are not all around characterized for this situation as there are a couple of requirements in the matter of how plans of action can be gathered. References Anna T. Perry, Telin S. Chung, 2016. Understand attitude-behavior gaps and benefit-behavior connections in Eco-Apparel. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 20(1), pp. 105-119. Ball, P., 2015. Low energy production impact on lean flow. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 36(3), pp. 412-428. Binod K. Shrestha and Devi R. Gnyawali, 2013. Insights on strategic management practices in Nepal. South Asian Journal of Global Business Research, 2(2), pp. 191-210. David Giles Russell Yates, 2014. Enabling educational leaders: qualitatively surveying an organization's culture. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, pp. 94-106. Eden, B. L., 2013. International Business Research: Strategies and Resources. Collection Building, pp. 32-33. Eyun?Jung Ki, Linda C. Hon, 2012. Causal linkages among relationship quality perception, attitude, and behavior intention in a membership organization. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 17(2). Farhad A. and Akram S., 2012. Strategic management: the case of NGOs in Palestine. Management Research Review, 35(6), pp. 473-489. Fillis, I., 2010. The art of the entrepreneurial marketer. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, pp. 87-107. Ki-Hoon Lee, Stefan J. Schaltegger, 2014. Organizational transformation and higher sustainability management education: The case of the MBA Sustainability Management. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 15(4), pp. 450-472. Kim MacKenzie, Sherrena Buckby, Helen Irvine, 2013. Business research in virtual worlds: possibilities and practicalities. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, pp. 352-373. Liwen Tan, Jingkun Ding, 2015. The frontier and evolution of the strategic management theory: A scientometric analysis of Strategic Management Journal, 2001-2012. Nankai Business Review International, 6(1), pp. 20-41. Luciane Reginato and Reinaldo Guerreiro, 2013. Relationships between environment, culture, and management control systems. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, pp. 219-240. Maria does Carmo Caccia?Bava, Tor Guimaraes, Susan J. Harrington, 2006. Hospital organization culture, capacity to innovate and succeed in technology adoption. Journal of Health Organization and Management, pp. 194-217. Patricia C. Brouwer, Mieke B. Brekelmans, Loek Nieuwenhuis, Robert?Jan Simons, 2012. Community development in the school workplace. International Journal of Educational Management, 26(4), pp. 403-418. Robert L. Harrison, Timothy M. Reilly, 2011. Mixed methods designs in marketing research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, pp. 7-26. Timothy Galpin, J. Lee Whittington, Greg Bell, 2015. Is your sustainability strategy sustainable? Creating a culture of sustainability. Corporate Governance, 15(1), pp. 1-17. Watkins R., Meisers M.W Visser Y., 2012. A guide to assessing Needs, Tools for collecting information, making decisions and achieving development results. Washington: World Bank Publications.

Trifles Play Essay free essay sample

The play â€Å"Trifles† is a murder mystery, which takes place in the kitchen of the Wrights home. In the beginning of the story, Glaspell sets the murder scene in the audiences mind by having Mr. Peters and Mr. Henderson interview Mr. Hale on his discovery of Mr. Wright’s body. Mr. Hale then begins to talk about the condition of Mr. Wright, and then continues on and talks about the behavior of Mrs. Wright The rising action in the story begins after the men leave the women, and go upstairs to potentially find evidence, or a motive. The women began to ask many questions, and examine the kitchen, and how it was left after the murder. The men then overhear the women pondering on whether Mrs. Wright was to knot or pierce the rope. The men laugh at the women because they found such matters to be of little importance. The rising action continues with the women finding the bird cage, and the nervous stitching. We will write a custom essay sample on Trifles Play Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All through the rising action, ironically, the women were shown inadvertently finding evidence to solve the murder case. Just after these discoveries, the climax of the play is signaled. The women find a dead bird inside of a box placed in the sewing basket. The women then notice that the bird’s neck was wrung, similar to how Mr. Wright had died. Glaspell then narrates that there was a look of growing comprehension between the two. This line is important because, their questions were answered, and the women know who murdered Mr. Wright. It is also ironic because the women find little ‘trifles’ that the men just deem as unimportant, which ironically solves the case. This is also because the men and even the women themselves wouldn’t expect to be capable of aiding in the murder investigation. Inadvertently, the women solve the murder case. It is also interesting that the discoveries were all found inside of the kitchen where the men tend to go very little throughout the play, but also just in general. The purpose of doing so was probably done in order for Glaspell to empathize on the theme of the play: Women are not appreciated by men, and seen lowly by them. This can also be supported because the men thought of what Mrs. Peters brought in was something that was harmless, and couldn’t possibly hold the main evidence that they would need in order to prosecute Mrs. Wright. After secretly and accidently solving the murder case, the women decide to not tell the men that Mrs. Wright did indeed murder her husband. The women mainly resolved to do this out of sympathy. The women’s decision is the resolution and beginning of the falling action of the play. The falling action of the play becomes intensive because the reader thinks that The Attorney will find the dead bird, and the women will be caught. The falling action of the play also achieves the purpose of the plays structure because it shows that women are actually useful in tasks other than housework, which is a sub-topic of the theme. Also, it achieves it because the women hold the key to the one piece of evidence that the men needed in order to find Mrs. Wright guilty. â€Å"Trifles† was a murder mystery with a dramatic structure, but also an ironic twist to it. The women unknowingly find all the evidence, inside of the kitchen. Glaspell structured the play, so that the women and men would think that the women’s findings would be such small trifles, but in actuality were the clues to solving the case. Also, that was done so that Glaspell could place the theme of men believing that women are unhelpful, and unappreciated. Glaspell supports this theme by having the women solve the case, but not tell the men. The structure of this play also gave a underlying truth in the theme. â€Å"Trifles† ironically was structured off of dismissed trifles.

Corporate Social Responsibility of the Organization Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility. Answer: Corporate Social Responsibility of the Organization Today's consumers and stakeholders hold firms to a higher standard because they look more than physical products and the quality of services provided. This happens when aligning with a particular company and deciding to work with it or invest. The reason for such is because they expect not only a profit but also to operate responsibly by addressing environmental and social issues(Werther Jr. Chandler, 2010). Recognizing the essence of corporate social responsibility to the stakeholders and customers has now forced the firms to focus and implement various practice at the organization level. Companies such as Sony Australia has implemented corporate social responsibilities activities. Some of these practices include environmental efforts, philanthropy, ethical labor practices and volunteering(Ditlev-Simonsen Wenstop, 2013). In essence, in the contemporary business environment, organizations have certain responsibilities which they have to participate in the society, and these respons ibilities have influence in the community. Corporate Social Responsibility The term Corporate Social Responsibility is defined as a management concept where firms implement environmental and social concerns in the process of operating business. It also involves engagement and interactions with consumers, society and stakeholders (Asif, Searcy, Zutshi, Fisscher, 2013). Therefore, CSR can be understood as strategies applied by management to strike a balance of its social, economic and environmental imperatives while also addressing stakeholders and shareholders expectations(Clapp Rowlands, 2014). There are various theories used by management to implement and sustain corporate social responsibility in the organization. The focus of the report is Sony Australia and various models will be critically analyzed to understand the issue(Frynas Stephens, 2014). Theoretical Background There are numerous theories which explain corporate social responsibility efforts and strategies by organizations. These approaches include SCR theory, instrumental, integrative and ethical. In relation to corporate social responsibility, the firms has particular obligations to satisfy to the society and therefore, the organizations need to perform business activities by focusing on the different stakeholders. CSR program is a necessity that boosts the group success. The report analyses four theories applied to help develop and propel the image of a socially oriented organization(Servaes Tamayo, 2013). According to instrumental approach, companies are seen as a tools used for the generation of wealth for investors. Thus, the social activities by the corporation to the society are aimed at attaining set economic targets such as reaping profit from the sales of the product to the community (Asif, Searcy, Zutshi, Fisscher, 2013). A close look at the model, there is a clear relationship between the organization policies directed to CSR and the economic outcomes anticipated. The programs favor social activities to achieve financial expectations and maximization of revenue. The approach as seen in Sony Corporation case applies to three approaches namely strategies for gaining competitive advantage, maximization of shareholders value, and marketing efforts related to cause. For instance, the social investment done by the company is for the purpose of attaining competitive advantage in the market and move toward social dominance. It is also essential for the enterprise to support social activities such as tree planting, financing football clubs and others for the purpose of enhancing its competitive position in respective markets and the wealth of stakeholders. Some of the activities performed are altruistic with the aim of attracting the attention of the society (Servaes Tamayo, 2013). Political theory, on the other hand, argues that corporations ought to use their power to attain a great status in society. However, the utilization of authority should be the responsible way such as the use of corporate constitutionalism, corporate citizenship, and integrative social contract. These approaches utilized by the organization hold that the social authorities and responsibilities result from social power and there is an existence of a bond between the firm and society. The approaches are means to attain massive profitability and enhancing their reputation. On the other hand, corporate citizenship is of the view that organization has responsibilities similar to that citizens in the society where they operate (Asif, Searcy, Zutshi, Fisscher, 2013; Frynas Stephens, 2014). The integrative theory is also a central theory which argues that firms exist for the satisfaction of the social needs. It has four approaches namely management, corporate social performance, public responsibility and stakeholder management with an objective of satisfying social demands. The essential approach is the third one as it is related to balancing the interests of key stakeholder such as the society, consumers, and suppliers. The proposal calls for the satisfaction of social demands (Asif, Searcy, Zutshi, Fisscher, 2013). Lastly, the ethical theory argues that the organization ought to follow the right path to enhance the state of the society. The model demonstrates the group should perform fiduciary duties to the primary stakeholders, consider rights, compensation, environment and labor and working in an ethical manner(Crane Matten, 2016). Sony Case Study This section explored the applicability of the theories on Sonys corporate social responsibility. Sonys corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities and strategies emphasize on the interests of stakeholders, consumers, and the society (Sony, 2017). According to Archie Carrolls model, CSR programs in the organizations exists due to the interactions between stakeholders and firms. A stakeholder includes an individual or a group that are impacted by the management activities and has interest on the organization. In Sony Australia, the underlining objectives of CSR strategy is tailored toward sustainability of the company and interest of the stakeholders. The sustainability efforts have been the source of achievement and success of corporate citizenship (Ditlev-Simonsen Wenstop, 2013). Therefore, for Sony to register long-term success in the industry, the Corporation needs to consider the interest of the stakeholders and others by ensuring they are properly accounted and recognized in the business. The same is reflected in Sonys CSR Initiatives The global reach of multinational companies such as Sonys and other business is associated with the difficulties of formulating and implementing a corporate social responsibility plans that cut across the international business environments. The following includes the stakeholders of the firms on the basis of prioritization in relation to corporate social responsibility by the management. The shareholders are given the highest priorities, followed by customers, employees, suppliers, business partners and local communities are accorded the lowest priority(Miles, Munilla, Darroch, 2006). Sonys corporate social responsibility strategies is known to value shareholders due to their significance in the corporation. The focus of these stakeholders is to generate high revenues and business development. This is because they provide capital which is used for investment and funding business operations. The firm addresses their interests by devising ways to increase the profitability and revenues generated in a particular period. For instance, the premium pricing strategy applied by the company ensures high returns margins and sustainability is meant to optimize financial performance and operational efficiency (Sony, 2017; Ditlev-Simonsen Wenstop, 2013). Sony Corporation is known to prioritize its consumers in its corporate social responsibility strategy because they are essential. This is because they purchasing the organization products to satisfy their needs and wants. the company corporate social responsibility strategy is for the purpose of meeting their interests through innovation and introduction of other products in the market. Besides, the firm's sustainability efforts are meant to satisfy their interests on issues of corporate citizenship and environmental conservation in the society(Peloza Shang, 2011). On the other hand, Sony Corporation supports their employees as it views them as a central stakeholder in the group. The companys corporate social responsibility includes fair and competitive compensation and excellent managerial support. This factor is an indication of Sonys corporation efforts to fulfill the corporate responsibility to meet the interests of the workers(Saeidi, Sofian, Saeidi, 2015). Suppliers are part of the stakeholders that has a lot of impact on Sonys corporate social responsibility strategy and business practices. The firm recognizes their significance because they influence their operations through the supply of the raw materials for manufacture of end products. The company deals with their interests by applying managerial efforts to increase their efficiency and effectiveness of their operations (Servaes Tamayo, 2013; Peloza Shang, 2011). These CSR initiatives are designed with the aim of helping suppliers to expand their capacity along that of Sony. Besides, sustainability efforts are directed to both the corporation and also the suppliers. For example, Sony requires their suppliers to have satisfied certain environmental effects requirements to do business with them. Therefore, these CSR requirements are beneficial to the suppliers because they facilitate their desires to meet respective corporate social responsibilities(Frynas Stephens, 2014). Sony Corporation works with many business partnerships spanning across the world. For example, it works with telecommunications enterprises to distribute and promote their products such as Xperia smartphones and others. The interests of these business partners include sustaining profitable relations and also enter into mutually beneficial associations which are part of corporate social responsibility strategy and programs. Local Communities have significance influence on the firms corporate citizenship(Crane Matten, 2016). For example, if there is a favorable association between the film and the host community, it leads to favorable consumer attitude toward the products and services provided by the company. The company corporate social responsibilities include satisfying their interests such as supporting community development like sponsoring festivals, sports events, and community development. Conclusion In conclusion, Sony Corporation in Australia applies corporate social responsibility plans that cater to the interests and the want of various stakeholders such as consumers, suppliers and another stakeholder of the firm. Sony emphasizes on attaining sustainability of the business while dealing with issues affecting various interested parties and interests. The paper recommends various actions aimed at improving their CSR performance and widening the reach of stakeholders. For instance, the firm can expand its social programs in all the countries where they have operations to enhance the state of its corporate responsibility, brand image, and satisfy the stakeholders interests. References Asif, M., Searcy, C., Zutshi, A., Fisscher, O. A. (2013). An integrated management systems approach to corporate social responsibility. Journal of cleaner production, 56, 7-17. Clapp, J., Rowlands, I. H. (2014). Corporate social responsibility. The Essential Guide to Global Environmental Governance . London: Routledge. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016). Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ditlev-Simonsen, C. D., Wenstop, F. (2013). How stakeholders view stakeholders as CSR motivators. Social Responsibility Journal , 9(1), 137-147. Frynas, J. G., Stephens, S. (2014). Political corporate social responsibility: Reviewing theories and setting new agendas. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(4), 483-509. Miles, M. P., Munilla, L. S., Darroch, J. (2006). The role of strategic conversations with stakeholders in the formation of corporate social responsibility strategy. Journal of Business Ethics, 69(2), 195-205. Peloza, J., Shang, J. (2011). How can corporate social responsibility activities create value for stakeholders? A systematic review. Journal of the academy of Marketing Science, 39(1), 117-135. Saeidi, S. P., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, S. P., Saaeidi, S. A. (2015). How does corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction. Journal of Business Research, 68(2), 341-350. Servaes, H., Tamayo, A. (2013). The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness. Management Science, 59(5), 1045-1061. SONY. (n.d.). Corporate Social responsibility. Retrieved April 27, 2017, from sony : https://www.sony.com/en_us/SCA/social-responsibility/overview.html SONY. (n.d.). CSR / Environment. Retrieved April 27, 2017, from Sony: https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/csr/vision/index.html Werther Jr., W. B., Chandler, D. (2010). Strategic corporate social responsibility: Stakeholders in a global environment. California CA: Sage Publications.

Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay Essay Example

Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay Essay Optimization utilizing response surface methodological analysis for the extractions of phenoplasts from Citrus hystrix foliage was carried out by supercritical fluid extraction. The effects of CO2 rate, extraction force per unit area and extraction temperature on output, entire phenolic content and Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl-IC50 were evaluated and compared with ethanol extraction. Ethanol infusions and optimal SFE conditions were analysed with HPLC. Among the three variables studied, extraction force per unit area had the most important influence on the output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 of the infusions, followed by CO2 rate and extraction temperature. The optimal conditions of force per unit area, CO2 rate and temperature were at 267 bars, 18 g/min and 50oC, severally. The output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 obtained were 5.06 % , 116.53 milligram GAE/g infusion and IC50 of 0.063 mg/ml, severally. These values were moderately near to their opposite number of predicted ( p gt ; 0.05 ) . Better suppress ion and TPC were obtained utilizing SFE method whereas higher output and phenolic acids were observed with ethanol extraction. We will write a custom essay sample on Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The nerve-racking life manner and less balanced nutrient consumption globally partly due to high concentrations of free lipid groups, both in nutrient ( in vitro ) and in vivo after nutrient consumption has given to the demand to look at antioxidants as a functional ingredient in nutrient. Man-made antioxidants such as, butylated hydroxytoluene ( BHT ) , butylated hydroxyanisole ( BHA ) , tertiary- butyl hydro-quanone ( TBHQ ) and propyl gallate ( PG ) , are conventional nutrient antioxidants. Due to safety issues, consumer concerns and increasing regulative examination ( ( Jamilah et al. , 2009 ; Shahidi. , 1997 ) refering man-made antioxidants, the possibility of natural antioxidants as options is sharply researched. The foliages of Citrus hystrix, known locally as, Limau purut, is used in many Malayan and South-East Asiatic part local dishes and medicative readyings. C.hystrix as a possible new beginning of natural antioxidant was reported by Jamilah et Al. ( 1998 ) , Ching and Mo hamed ( 2001 ) , Jaswir et Al. ( 2004 ) , Idris et Al. ( 2008 ) , Chan et Al. ( 2009 ) and Butryee et Al. ( 2009 ) . All infusions were extracted utilizing the conventional dissolvers such as, ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, propanone and H2O. To bring forth infusions of high phenolic content and rich in antioxidants from C. hystrix foliages, requires high extraction efficiency influenced by factors such as atom size, extraction methods, solvent type, solvent concentration, solvent-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature, force per unit area and clip ( Banik et al, 2007 ; Lang et al. , 2001 ; Pinelo et al. , 2005 ; Silva et al. , 2007 ) . Steam distillment and organic dissolver extraction utilizing infiltration, maceration and Soxhlet techniques are conventionally used for the extraction of bioactive compounds from works beginnings. They are non efficient and economical and this can be overcome by utilizing the supercritical C dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) procedure ( Bimakr et al. , 2009 ) . Carbon dioxide ( critical temperature, force per unit area and denseness ~ 31.18 oC, 72.0 saloon ; 0.47 gcm-3, severally ) is safe, residue free, non-flammable, in expensive and environmentally- friendly ( Pyo and Oo, 2007 ) . The optimisation of supercritical fluids for the extraction of natural antioxidants and phenolic compounds from the foliages of C.hystrix has non been reported. Hence, this survey was carried out with the aim of optimising the extraction of the antioxidant and phenolic acids from the foliages of C. hystrix utilizing supercritical C dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) fluid extraction by changing and/or repairing known variables associated with the extraction techniques. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Reagents used Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent ( FCR ) and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl ( DPPH ) were purchased from Sigma ( St Louis MO USA ) . Carbone dioxide, ( pureness 99.99 % ) , incorporating in a Carbone dioxide dip tubing cylinder, was purchased from Malayan Oxygen ( MOX ) , Malaysia. Absolute ethyl alcohol ( 99.4 % , analytical class ) , the qualifier for SC-CO2 procedure, acetonitrile and methyl alcohol ( HPLC class ) as the nomadic stage for HPLC and phenolic acids criterions ( vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, M-cumeric, trans cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, Gallic acid and sinapic acid ) were purchased from Fisher Scientific Chemical ( Loughborough, England ) . All other chemicals used were either analytical or HPLC class. 2.2 Preparation of Sample The foliages of C. hystrix were obtained from Pasar Borong, a whole sale market at Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia. Upon reaching at the research lab, foliages were sorted, washed under running tap H2O, oven dried at 40A °C for 24h and stored at ambient temperature off from the visible radiation. The dried foliages were land merely before extraction in a liquidizer ( MX-335, Panasonic, Malaysia ) for 10s to bring forth a pulverization with an approximative atom size of 0.5mm ( Bimak et al. , 2009 ) . 2.3 Solvent Extraction The phenolic compounds in the C. hystrix leaves powder were extracted harmonizing to Jamilah et Al. ( 1998 ) with little alterations. The first measure involved soaking the pulverization in 95 % ethyl alcohol for 24h at 50oC at an ethyl alcohol to flick ratio of 10:1 ( v/w ) . The petroleum infusion was so filtered and concentrated by vaporizing at 40oC in the rotary evaporator ( Eyela, A-1000S, Japan ) .When the ethyl alcohol was evaporated off the concentrated infusion was transferred into brown glass bottles, flushed with N and kept at 25oC until usage. The extraction was carried out in triplicate 2.4 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) Extraction Supercritical C dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) fluid extraction utilizing the supercritical fluid extractor ( ABRP200, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ) , with a 500 milliliter extractor vas attached, was carried out harmonizing to Bimark et Al. ( 2009 ) with little alterations. The flow rate of CO2 and modifier, extraction temperature, force per unit area and clip were adjusted utilizing ICE package coupled with the supercritical fluid extractor. The liquid CO2 was pressurized and heated to the coveted force per unit area and temperature with the assistance of force per unit area pump ( P-50, Pittsburg, PA, USA ) to make the supercritical province prior to go throughing it into the extraction vas. Absolute ethyl alcohol was used as the qualifier to better the extraction of phenoplasts from C.hystrix foliages and fixed at a flow rate of 3 milliliters / min for all experimental processs. The continuance of the inactive extraction clip was fixed at 30 min, while the dynamic extraction clip was changeless at 9 0 min. Fifty gms of C. hystrix foliages ( pulverization ) was assorted with 150g glass beads ( 2.0 millimeter in diameters ) to systematize the flow rate and the mixture was placed in the extractor vas. The extraction was so performed under assorted experimental conditions as generated by the response surface methodological analysis ( RSM ) design. EtOH was removed from the infusions by vacuity vaporization utilizing a rotary evaporator ( Eyela, A-1000S, Japan ) at 40 A °C. The infusions were collected in the unit of ammunition bottle flask ( warped with aluminum foil to minimise light exposure and therefore oxidization ) and so placed in the oven at 40A °C for 30 min before being transferred into desiccators for concluding changeless weight. Infusions were transferred into brown glass bottles, flashed with N and stored in a deep-freeze of -25A °C until farther analysis. The extractions were carried out in extras. 2.5 Determination of Total Phenolic Content ( TPC ) The entire phenolic content of C.hystrix foliage infusions was determined utilizing the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent harmonizing to the method described by Singletone et Al. ( 1999 ) . An aliquot of the infusion ( 0.5mL ) was put in 0.5mL of Folin reagent, under dim visible radiation before 10mL ( 7 % ) of Na carbonate was added. The mixture was so left in the dark for 60A min. The optical density of the mixture was measured against EtOH ( space ) at 725A nanometers by utilizing a UV-Visible spectrophotometer ( UV-1650PC, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan ) . The standardization equation for Gallic acid, expressed as Gallic acid equivalent ( GAE ) in mg/g infusion, was y = 0.0064x + 0.0093 ( R2 = 0.9972 ) . 2.6 Determination of Free Radical Scavenging Activity Free extremist scavenging activity of C.hystrix foliage infusions was measured harmonizing to the process described by Ramadan et Al. ( 2006 ) with little alterations. A 0.1A milliliter aliquot of toluenic sample solution at different concentrations was added with 0.39A milliliters of fresh toluenic 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl ( DPPH ) solution ( 0.1A millimeter ) . Triplicates were carried out for each concentration. The mixtures were shaken smartly and left in the dark for 60A min and optical density was read against pure methylbenzene ( clean ) at 515A nanometers utilizing a UV-Visible spectrophotometer ( UV-1650PC, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan ) . The free extremist scavenging activity of infusions was calculated as follows: % Inhibition = ( [ Acontrol-Asample ] /Acontrol ) *100 Where AcontrolA =A optical density of the control reaction ( incorporating all reagents except samples ) ; AsampleA =A optical density of the trial compound. Determination of IC50 in this trial was defined as the concentration of the infusion that was able to suppress 50 % of the entire DPPH groups. IC50 of the sample was expressed in mg/mL and calculated through the insertion of additive arrested development analysis ( Brand-Williams et al. , 1995 ) 2.7 Determination of Phenolic acids The phenolic acids of the C.hystrix foliage infusions that were obtained from the optimal SC-CO2 conditions ( optimum of output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 ) were analysed by a high-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) , [ Agilent Technologies 1200 series theoretical account, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany ] equipped with Diode Array Detector ( DAD ) , and sensing at 254nm. The HPLC parametric quantities were modified from Anderson et Al. ( 1983 ) . The column temperature used was 30A °C at a maximal temperature 35A °C and the column used was Crespak RP C18S RP C18 ( 150mm L* 4.6mm ID, JASCO ) . The dissolvers were of HPLC class ( Fisher Scientific Chemical, Loughborough, England ) . All dissolvers were filtered through a cellulose nitrate membrane filters ( 0.45 A µm ) . Flow rate of nomadic stages used were 1.5ml/min for 25 % acetonitrile in formic acid-water ( 0.5:99.5 ) , run isocratically. The infusions were foremost filtered through 0.2 A µm nylon ( NYL ) filter, ( Whatman ) for the remotion of drosss and unwanted compounds. The injection volume used was 20A µL with extras for each of the SC-CO2 optimal conditions and ethanol infusions. The criterions used were vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, M-cumeric, trans cinnamic acid, benzoic acid and sinapic acid ( Fisher Scientific Chemical Loughborough, England ) . Designation and quantification of phenolic acids in the infusions were based on the standard curves of the criterions every bit good as their extremums keeping times. 2.8 Experimental design and statistical analysis Response surface methodological analysis ( RSM ) was used to find the optimal conditions for the output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 in C.hystrix foliage infusions. The experimental design and statistical analysis were carried out utilizing the statistical package ( MINITAB let go of 14 ) . Central composite design was chosen to measure the joint consequence of three independent variables CO2 rate, extraction temperature and force per unit area, coded as X1, X2 and X3, severally. The minimal and maximal values for CO2 rate were set at 15 and 25 g/min, extraction temperature between 40 and 60 oC and force per unit area between 100 and 300 bars. The dependent values were yield, TPC and DPPH-IC50. For optimisation, output and TPC were maximized to accomplish highest values and loswest value for DPPH-IC50. The whole design consisted of 20 combinations including six replicates of the Centre point ( Table 1 ) ( Myers A ; Montgomery, 2002 ) . The ANOVA tabular arraies were generated and the consequence and arrested development coefficients of single linear, quadratic and interaction footings were determined. The significances of all footings in the multinomial were analyzed statistically by calculating the F-value at a chance ( P ) of 0.001, 0.01 or 0.05. The statistically found non-significant ( p gt ; 0.05 ) footings were removed from the initial theoretical accounts and merely important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) factors were involved in the concluding reduced theoretical account. It should be noted that non-significant additive footings were kept in the decreased theoretical account in instances where their quadratic or interaction footings were important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) ( Mirhosseini et al. , 2009 ) . Experimental informations were fitted to the undermentioned 2nd order multinomial theoreti cal account and arrested development coefficients were obtained harmonizing to the generalized second-order multinomial theoretical account proposed for the response surface analysis, given as follows Where I?0, I?i, I?ii, I?ij were arrested development coefficients for intercept, additive, quadratic and interaction footings, severally. Eleven and Xj were coded values of the independent variables, while K equaled to the figure of the tried factors ( k=3 ) . 3. Consequences and Discussion 3.1 Response Surface Methodology ( RSM ) Analysiss 3.1.1 Model Fitness Based on the scopes set for the identified parametric quantities, 20 trails of each parametric quantity, including six replicates of the Centre points that influence Yield, TPC and DPPH-IC50 were selected. In this survey, the lower and upper values for the variables were set at +alpha ( +I ±=1.633 ) and -alpha ( -I ±=1.633 ) and so all the factor degrees were chosen within the bounds that were practical with SFE ( above critical tempHYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_temperature eratureA of 31A °C andA critical pressureA of 72A saloon ) and desirable. The experimental and predicted values for responses under the different combinations of extraction conditions via SC-CO2 extractions were as in Table ( 1 ) . The consequences indicated that output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 obtained, ranged from 0.4- 5 % , 15 128.9 milligram GAE/g infusion and 0.065 0.300 mg/ml, severally. By using multiple arrested development analysis, relationships between the tried parametric quantities and the responses were explained in equations 2, 3, and 4 for output, TPC and DPPH-IC50, severally. The fittingness of response map and experimental information was evaluated from the one-dimensionality, quadratic and arrested development coefficients of independent variables as shown in Table 2. The ANOVA of arrested development theoretical account showed that the theoretical accounts were perceptibly important due to the highly low chance value ( P lt ; 0.001 ) . The coefficient of finding ( R2 ) and significance of deficiency of fittingness was farther evaluated to look into the fittingness and theoretical account adequateness. The R2 equal to the integrity or a†°? 0.8, is desirable. R2 values for the arrested development theoretical account of output, TPC, and DPPH-IC50, were 0.935, 0.95, and 0.96, severally, which were close to 1 ( Table 2 ) . Therefore, bespeaking that t he predicted 2nd order multinomial theoretical accounts fitted good with the system. The values of adjusted R2 ( corrected value for R2 after the riddance of the unneeded theoretical account footings ) of output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 were besides really high, therefore proposing the high significance of the theoretical account ( 0.897, 0.92 and 0.93 ) . The coincident addition of both R2 and adjusted R2 plus the absence of any deficiency of tantrum ( p gt ; 0.05 ) in our information has proved its credibleness and theoretical account adequateness. The multiple arrested development consequences and the significance of arrested development coefficients yield, TPC and DPPH-IC50 theoretical accounts were as shown in Table 3. It could be observed that both the linear and quadratic term of all parametric quantities significantly ( p lt ; 0.05 ) effected the output, TPC and DPPH -IC50, nevertheless, CO2 rate did non significantly impact the DPPH-IC50 where temperature consequence on TPC was merely important in quadratic mode to stay in the theoretical account ( Table 3 ) . The undermentioned arrested development equations showed the concluding reduced theoretical accounts fitted for the parametric quantities and their responses. Yield= 3.33 + 0.142 X1 + 0.164X2 + 0.00735X3- 0.00669X12 0.00218 X22 0.000025 X32 Eq ( 2 ) TPC = 909 + 25.4 X1 + 25.6 X2 + 1.54 X3 0.668 X12 0.250 X22- 0.00278 X32 Eq ( 3 ) DPPH-IC50= 0.604 X2 0.0177 X3 + 0.00559 X22 + 0.000031 X32 Eq ( 4 ) 3.1.2 Verification of theoretical accounts The rightness of the response surface equation was tested by the rating of experimental and predicted values from the reduced response arrested development theoretical accounts. A close understanding between the experimental and predicted values ( Table1 ) was noted. No important ( p gt ; 0.05 ) difference was observed between those values, proposing the equal fittingness of the response equations. 3.2 Influence of Pressure, CO2 Rate and Temperature on SC-CO2 Extraction efficiency Figure 1 ( a ) showed the 3-dimensional response surface secret plans by showing the response in the map of two factors and maintaining the temperature at its in-between degree ( 50oC ) . It showed a higher output in the part of extraction force per unit area between 190 to 300 bars and at CO2 rate of 12 to 17g/min. Both extraction force per unit area and CO2 rate exhibited important additive and quadratic effects on output as shown Table ( 3 ) . The output was optimum at approximately 14.8g / min CO2 flow rate and at force per unit area of 320 bars. Eextraction force per unit area was more influential than CO2 rate as reflected by its higher linear and quadratic coefficients ( I?3=0.65819 ; I?33 = -0.25168 ) compared to the latter ( I?1= -0.35060 ; I?11=-0.16731 ) . In supercritical fluid extraction ( SFE ) , increased force per unit areas consequence in, increased solvent denseness and solvent power of fluid which may take to higher extraction outputs, on the other manus, increased pure CO2 rate under SFE is a good dissolver for lipotropic compounds ( non- polar ) but is hapless for phenoplasts ( polar ) ( Martinez, 2007 ) . Therefore, modifier ( ethyl alcohol ) was used to better the extraction of phenoplasts from C.hystrix foliages. Figure 1 ( B ) showed the effects of extraction force per unit area and extraction temperature on output at changeless CO2 rate of 20 g/min. Extraction force per unit area displayed a really important ( p lt ; 0.001 ) on the output in additive and quadratic mode as besides shown in Table ( 3 ) . At force per unit area of a†°?140 and temperature non transcending 47oC output increased, nevertheless with farther addition in the temperature the output showed a lessening which is most likely due to the reduced denseness of CO2. The relationship of CO2 rate and extraction temperature with output was plotted in Figure 1 ( degree Celsius ) . Both the parametric quantities exhibited important additive and quadratic consequence ( P lt ; 0.05 ) on output. The output increased quickly with diminishing CO2 rate up to 13 g/m and this followed by a little lessening thenceforth. By uniting all the consequences presented in Figure 1, it was obvious that extraction force per unit area had the most critical impact on output of the infusion followed by CO2 rate and extraction temperature. 3.3 Entire Phenolic Content ( TPC ) The TPC of the infusion was as shown in Figure 2. Depending on the force per unit area, temperature and CO2 rate, the TPC of the infusion ranged from 15.0 to 128.9 milligrams GAE/g infusion. No available literature study could be be used for comparing for the SC-CO2 extraction method ; nevertheless, Idris et Al. ( 2008 ) reported that TPC of the infusions was about 103.2 milligrams GAE/g infusion which was somewhat lower than our EtOH extracted TPC ( 112.7 milligram GAE per g infusion ) . Moderate degrees of the selected independent variables of SC-CO2 infusions ( run order 7, 10, 12, and 17, Table 1 ) reflected higher TPC of the C.hystrix foliage infusions than our EtOH extraction every bit good as Idris s ; this may hold something to make with possible partial debasement of the extracted compounds due to long extraction clip when conventional extraction methods are to be used. With SC-CO2 method the extraction clip ( 90 min ) was unusually shorter than that of EtOH extraction ( gt ; 20 H ) . 3.4 Free Radical Scavenging Activity Figure 3 demonstrated the consequence of temperature and force per unit area on the scavenging belongings of the C.hystrix leave infusions. The antioxidant activity of the infusions, determined by the IC50 of extremist scavenging belongingss of diphenylpicrylhydrazyl ( DPPH-IC50 ) , was found to be high at mean degree of temperature and comparatively increased phases of force per unit area i.e. DPPH-IC50 of the infusions bit by bit decreased with the addition of extraction temperature and force per unit area up to 50 A °C and 314 bars, severally to accomplish optimal value of IC50 at 0.0585 before it began to increase. The lesser the IC50, the stronger activity is the corresponding affair ( Mariod et al. , 2010 ) . Under the assay conditions employed here, the IC50 of BHA and I ±-tocopherol as a positive controls were 0.023mg/ml and 0.031mg/ml, severally, among the infusion run order 12, 9, and 16 ( table 1 ) possessed greater DPPH extremist scavenging activities with the lower I C50 values of 0.065, 0.08 and 0.085mg/ml, severally. This was in understanding to the findings of Idriss et Al. ( 2008 ) , where the activity of BHA was found to be higher than the sample. Compared to conventional solvent extraction method with the IC50 of 0.250 mg/ml ( Table 1 ) , it can be observed that SC-CO2 infusions demonstrated noteworthy DPPH radical-scavenging activity unusually greater than that of traditional extraction method. The IC50 values for CLE extracted by SC-CO2 ranged from 0.065 0.300 mg/ml depending on force per unit area and temperature where an addition in the force per unit area comparatively resulted in an addition in its antioxidant capacity. 3.5 Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Acids of the infusions. Out of seven standard phenolic acid solutions assorted, six have been detected in dissolver and supercritical C dioxide extraction of the infusions ( table 4 ) . By quantifying the sum of phenolic acids in the infusion, a considerable fluctuation between EtOH and SC-CO2 extraction was observed. Higher recovery of phenolic acids than that of SC-CO2 extraction was found utilizing 95 % EtOH as shown in Table ( 4 ) . The figure of polar map groups, e.g. hydroxyl groups, may hold influenced volatility of the solutes therefore finding their optimal extractability with SC-CO2 ( Lang and Wai, 2001 ) . For illustration, ( Stahl and Glatz, 1984 ) successfully extracted steroids with three hydroxyl groups below 300 bars but failed to pull out those steroids dwelling of four hydroxyl groups, or three hydroxyls and one acid group, or one phenolic hydroxyl with two other hydroxyl groups. Despite the difference in measure, the type of phenolic acids bing in the infusions for both EtOH and SC-CO2 ex traction methods remained changeless. Trans-cinnamic, M-coumeric and Vanillic acids represented as the prevailing phenolic acids, while P-coumeric, Benzoic and sinapic acids reasonably existed in the infusions ( Table 4 ) . 3.6 Decision The optimal conditions of force per unit area at 265 bars, temperature at 50oC and CO2 rate at 18 g/min was needed for higher SC-CO2 extraction of output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 of C.hystrix leave infusions. Of the three independent variables studied, extraction force per unit area was the most important factor act uponing on output, TPC and DPPH-IC50, flowed by CO2 rate and extraction temperature. Higher sums of output and phenolic acids than SC-CO2, was found in solvent extraction. Nevertheless, SC-CO2 extracts exhibited high quality in antioxidant activity measured by IC50 of 1,1-Diphenyl-picrylhydrazylA ( DPPH ) and entire phenolic content ( TPC ) . Even though some good consequences was achieved with the traditional EtOH extraction, supercritical CO2 extraction showed faster and better extraction of C.hystrix foliages. Therefore, the green engineering, reclaimable CO2 could be an alternate method of extraction for superior antioxidants from C.hystrix foliages. Recognition The writers appreciate and thankful for the fiscal support received from the RMC, the University Putra Malaysia for this survey.

Construction surety contract bond underwriting risk evaluation

Introduction Finance has been the subject of global market confusion and unremitting controversies with matters of greater public and private concern facing unending challenges due to incompetent policies and regulations governing financial affairs.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Construction surety contract bond underwriting risk evaluation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The unprecedented hard economic epoch of the recent decades has hit the financial market, thus affecting operations of numerous companies globally through constantly augmenting defaults and losses (Ramsey 43). Generally, one of the worldwide industries that have constantly suffered from financial crises and the related risks is the global construction industry where million of losses occur not only from the economic circumstances, but also due to unrelenting misfortunes that mar industrial growth. In a bid to protect contractors from the ris ing financial risks that have become more eminent in the current decades, financial institutions are becoming proactive in providing risk transfer mechanisms in the form of surety. Despite decades of surety guarantees by corporations in the United States, little remains known to the public about surety. Therefore, this study explores construction surety bond underwriting risk evaluation. Synopsis of a construction surety contract The financial business world has grown exponentially for decades and become the most responsive industry that constantly provides substantial aid to other industries on risk related affairs. By operating slightly akin to the insurance firms, corporate sureties have emerged stronger in supporting risk related industries including the construction companies by providing surety bonds. In simple terms as defined by CNA Surety, â€Å"surety bonds are three party instruments by which one party guarantees or promises a second party the successful performance of a third party† (1). These three parties or principles involved in the surety bonding include a surety (any financial institution), a principal (contractor) and an Obligee (owner) (Seifert 47). Surety bonds involved in construction or bonding construction companies are contract surety bonds. Obviously, construction is a challenging and risky business that possibly can result into huge losses to constructors and owners is not well handled. Construction surety bonds typically prevent owners from financial and resource related risks that likely occur during project construction.Advertising Looking for thesis on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In its broadest understanding, construction surety bonds normally provide assurance to Obligee or project owners that contractors are capable of performing or completing the project on due time, within the stipulated budget and in the desired design requirements (McI ntyre and Strischek 30). On the same note, construction surety bonds are capable of assuring the venture owners that the contractor will complete the project and pay all the specified subcontractors, material suppliers and manual workers as expected (McIntyre and Strischek 30). Research has identified three common forms of construction surety bonds namely bid bonds, performance bonds and the payment bonds that are common in a large construction spectrum. A bid bond is a construction surety bond that provides financial assurance that the contract is for good will, in desired price and required performance and payment bonds. Performance bond provides â€Å"the owner with protection against financial loss in a circumstance where contractor fails to complete the project and meet terms and conditions of the contract., while payment bond ensure that the constructor makes all payments to suppliers, subcontractors and laborers† (Jenkins and Andrew 2). Background to the U.S. construct ion surety industry Perhaps the United States stands out to be among the most advanced countries that have integrated systems to protect innocent civilians from malicious service providers, including malevolent project managers and contractors. The U.S. construction surety industry has expanded exponentially in the current decades and its history and background is long, and its fate has been a mixture of success and failure (McIntyre and Strischek 31). The U.S construction surety industry premiered centuries ago and financial corporations have been offering surety bonds for quite a while, before the government decided to intervene as a service-consumer protection intervention.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Construction surety contract bond underwriting risk evaluation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Surety Information Office (1), the year 1893 saw the U.S government, through Miller Act Section 2 70a, placing a legal mandate to all contactors on public works contracts to acquire surety bonds that guaranteed their constancy in undertaking projects and masking dully payments to all subcontractors and suppliers on project completion. The importance of getting into construction agreements and contracts began at this moment. By the U.S. Government imposing Miller act, one significant issue emerged from this rule. According to Surety Information Office (1), â€Å"the Miller Act (40 U.S.C. Section 270a) requires performance and payment bonds for all public work contracts in excess of $100,000 and payment protection, with payment bonds the preferred method, for contracts in excess of $25,000.† In subsequent moments, approximately fifty American States, including Puerto Rico and District of Columbia began enacting this act. Since this enactment, corporate financial institutions initiated massive campaigns of attracting contractors in such business activities by making the sure ty industry quite a competitive sector throughout 1990s when the American economy thrived. Under the strong economy, the contractors remained busy and with minimal failures until the entire world began experiencing economic crunches. Unfortunately, the profitable bonding business became more overwhelming and centered attention for new entrants into surety leading to excess and gratuitous competition within the surety industry that has finally remained shaky 2000 due to high-profile corporate failures. Principles of Premiums and losses While trying to understand underwriting of surety bonds in the construction industry, premiums and losses are two financial terminologies associated with underwriting of surety bonds. The U.S surety bonds, similar to the insurances, have premium and loss terminologies, which represent certain fees. Unlike the insurance premium, surety premium refers to service fee or service charge determined based on anticipated losses (Grovenstein et al. 356). Losses are unforeseen financial risks that may result from contractors failing to complete the project as per expectations, or even other uncertainties related to project construction.Advertising Looking for thesis on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the case where the surety industry considers risks from the construction company are unpleasant, the financial institution, which is normally the surety, may have to deem a number of alternatives. According to contract bonding principles, McIntyre and Strischek affirm that some of the alternative that assists in minimizing loss chances in sureties is raising premium charges, raising deductibles, reducing bond coverage, intensify underwriting standards or even quite completely from the bonding deal (30).. Perceived significance of surety contract bonding Since the advent of surety contracting and bonding into the U.S federal public works, much has protracted that has led to surveyors considering the imperativeness of surety contract bond underwriting. Surety bonding is a process that involves risk sharing through a business-integrated program that involves several mutual terms and conditions for all the three parties involved (Jenkins and Andrew 1). In actuality, there is no bette r or rather practical alternative of defending the private and the public against financial loss. On the other hand, financial institutions depend on public and private sectors to generate revenues for their survival. Surety bonding on construction favors all the three principals in the contracting deal (Dunn and Sedgwick 15). For the owner, protection from financial loss, safety of the construction and smooth progress of the project is what becomes major benefits in due completion of the project (Ramsey 42). Three contract surety bonds have been supportive in assisting Obligee in undertaking their projects successfully b considering the success of the bonding. The owner believes that the bid bond, the performance bond and the payment bond are core movers to the success of the project. McIntyre and Strischek assert, â€Å"Surety bonds assure project owners that contractors will perform the work and pay specified subcontractors, laborers, and material suppliers in accordance with th e contract documents† (30). The contractors (principals) also rely on the surety contract bond underwriting in a number of ways that may deem significant while undertaking their contracting process. During the underwriting process, the contractor feels assured of owner’s cooperation in terms of payment as cases of exploiting contractors seem outdated since the financial institutions scrutinizes owners financial capacity comprehensively. Since the surety corporations have the financial stamina to cover any improprieties resulting from Obligee, the contractor feels assured of getting all the stated pay (Dunn and Sedgwick 15). The surety or the guarantors who are large financial institutions normally receive a financial benefit and commercial reputation over the surety industry since premiums have the potential of chaining the corporate improvement of the firms. Essential information for underwriting a contract bond Underwriting a contract bond has been a quandary for the three parties, with both of them having worries over the successfulness of bonding and the fate of the project under construction. As noted by Glaser, Piskorski, and Tchistyi â€Å"mortgage underwriters face a dilemma: either to implement high underwriting standards and underwrite only high quality mortgages or relax underwriting standards in order to save on expenses† (186). All parties involved in undertaking the contract bonding must observe several parameters before concluding on ways to undertake the surety bonding. During the process, the corporate sureties are normally at higher risks since they are responsible for monitoring and assessing the capabilities of the two parties in the contract bonding (Sacks and Ignacio 46). Nonetheless, it is worthwhile that all the three principles consider seeking legal advice and embedding their bonding procedures through legal frameworks that likely reduces chances of uncertainties. The two (principals and surety) with their underwri ters and producers have the accountability to oversee all the procedures of the contracting process. What contractors and their producers must know Subsequent to a comprehensive coverage of all conditions, terms and procedure of signing the contract bonds, a greater responsibility rests upon the contractor companies and the surety companies as the owner waits in anticipation. As the surety depends on surety company underwriter to undertake a follow up on the contract and plan, the contractor company relies on the producer, who forms part contractor’s external advisory group. The producer is one of the integral players in the contractor’s advisory team and to avoid performance-related risks that may hamper completion of the contract the producer plays an important part. The contractors company must consider the following qualifications from the producer: the producer must be familiar with the local, provincial and national conditions and trends within the surety market. In addition, Ramsey (42) asserts that the producer must posses accounting and finance knowledge, respect and a reputation for integrity, knowledge of the contract law and their documents, substantial experience in management practices and strategic planning among other fundamental aspects. They must understand that the contracting business involving construction company is quite challenging and with numerous uncertainties. For any successful contracting company, understanding of business risks is imperative and this aspect aids in evaluating and assessing the kind of contract bonding that firms associate with during their operations. As suggested by Ramsey, â€Å"taking any and every job available is not a wise strategy† (44). A construction company must understand all the uncertainties including external construction risks as weather, natural hazards, material prices, or supplier’s inconveniences and owner’s-related risks, as well as internal risk like equipme nt failures, staff problems and capital fluctuations. This move is normally the best way of evaluating and managing their risks since it enlightens the company on the genuine projects to pursue and the contract bonds to sign. According to Fayek and Marsh (3764), the contractors must also rely on a sustainable legal expertise team that scrutinizes the owner’s financial potency, as it is normally a challenge for contractors to access data pertaining to owners financial and banking secrets that sureties have. What surety and their underwriters must consider In the context of undertaking the construction bonding process, the sureties that involve corporate financial institutions are the core movers and principals of contract bonding. Apart from the main surety in the bonding process, two actors as mentioned earlier are important in the process of surety contract bond underwriting: an underwriter and a producer, who form part of the entire process (Stevens 440). An underwriter is a professional who works directly for the surety company that has offered to provide bond and undertake the obligation. After a successful collection of the necessary information pertaining to the contract, the bond producer presents the information to the surety company underwriter, who is responsible for making a follow up of the plan for the surety company (Ramsey 44). The underwriter is the most integral person in the advisory team of the surety company. Ramsey) asserts, â€Å"The surety bond producer works with the surety company’s underwriter to ensure that the contractor is bondable and capable of performing the work and paying all parties† (44). In the context of underwriter’s duties, the following are the primary activities undertaken in underwriting by the surety company underwriter. Firstly, the underwriter has the accountability to determine if the contractor possesses the financial potency to support the contract all through. Secondly, the surety co mpany underwriter ensures that the contractor has a positive historical record of paying subcontractors and suppliers immediately (Ramsey 44). Finally, the surety company underwriter ensures that the contractor possesses a good rapport with the banks and other financial institutions. In simplest financial terms, underwriting standards of nowadays surety market emphasize on three important Cs representing capitals, capacity and character in the underwriting process and in understanding the contractor’s business. Since a surety bond acts as a bank credit in several ways, it is important for contractors to have a good reputation since contractors have a challenge of accessing debt capital (Seifert 49). The underwriter also peruses through the contractor’s fiscal year-end statements including balance sheets, cash flow statements, and income statements among others. The table below summarizes the contractor evaluation criterion. (Source: Fayek and Marsh 3766) Project speci fic risk factors affecting contract bond underwriting While trying to engage in the surety contract bonding and agreeing to the terms and conditions governing construction under contracts, the three parties especially the contractor in this case must understand the risks associated with contract bond underwriting. This element explains the reason why the bond producer is an integral actor in the surety contract bond underwriting process in defense of the contractor as this professional recommends an accountability line of consistency regarding the contractor’s competence. Two important forms of risks have been in constant discussions over the existence years of surety industry and contractor’s business, and these are project-specific related factors and performance-related risk factors. To begin with, a construction industry is a challenging field of professionalism as it associates with numerous risks (Cummins 28). As guarantors are currently targeting mega contractor s with large cumulative programs that are highly perilous, risk in itself is a unique issue and very few constructions complete successfully without encountering jeopardy. As postulated earlier, the underwriter examines the capital, capacity, and character of the contractor; nonetheless, the forth c has emerged in the recent studies that denote continuity. The continuity in the case of construction may remain hampered by uncertainties. Project specific risk factors are precarious issues that associate with the project itself and contractors are normally unaware of the unforeseen uncertainties. The project owners will always deem a project successful if the contractor manages to complete it within the stipulated time, designed budget and all other requirements (Grovenstein et al. 159). Project-specific related risk factors may involve natural catastrophes, delays in the supply chain or material deficiency, change in the material prices or even owners lack of cooperation. This aspect explains the reason behind the existence of payment bond that ensures that the owner’s project continues despite the failure of the contractor in paying sub-contractors, laborers, and suppliers (Vedenov, Epperson, and Barnett 450). Project-related risk factors, especially natural ones have been the most challenging to control in the surety bonding. Performance-related risk factors affecting contract bond underwriting Performance related risk factors are uncertainties affiliating with the incapability of contractors to complete the desired project in the requirements highlighted in the contract bonding agreement (Strischek 31). Within the tripartite bond agreement, the caution and worry here is upon the owner of the project under construction and more worse to the surety company. Some contractor’s performance faith has been questionable within the public and to ensure that contracts have remained successful through surety contract bond underwriting, the performance bond emerged (Seifert 48). While trying to understand the concept of performance related risk factors in the contracting process, management practices and strategic planning as contractor evaluation criterion emerged from this point. Performance in the context of surety contract bond underwriting refers to the contractor’s aptitude in completing the agreed project. Some of the common performance related factors may include the contractor’s management delinquency, poor or lack of business planning, lack of contract performance frameworks, project complexity as well as obstructing company philosophies and procedures, most of which are avoidable. How to make an appropriate bond underwriting decision The appropriateness and successfulness of any bond underwriting between the three parties depends on a number of issues that surety companies must always consider before making a decision into the bonding. â€Å"Sureties and bankers have much in common. McIntyre and Strischek pos tulate, â€Å"Both industries underwrite risk to contractors, and both have enjoyed the good time profits of the cycle’s expansion phase and suffered the losses during its contraction phase† (36). Therefore, analyzing risks involved in contract bonding becomes important. However, in certain circumstances, financial organizations have found themselves into the traps of fraudster and money swindlers who pretend to be contractors from reputable companies, leading to serious financial losses (Glaser, Piskorski, and Tchistyi 188). Despite the fact that there are very few decision-support models existing among financial institutions that are sureties and this aspect has resulted into numerous problems concerning contract bond underwriting (Stevens 456). As postulated earlier, corporate sureties should use a number of procedures in determining the probability of having attractive returns from a contract. Before making a decision to engage in any contract bonding practice with the other two parties, viz. the project owner and the contractor, numerous things appear significant for consideration. Before anything else, the financial institution must scrutinize owner’s financial capacity including his/her willingness to pay all expenses incurred in the project and his/her previous behavior with the bank or surety (Ramsey 44). In the beginning of the initial phase, the company must consider hiring or employing a competitive underwriter with appropriate knowledge in all forms of surety conditions, who will deal confidently with the contractor’s producer to avoid incurring financial losses. Bearing in mind that the financial institution will be taking all the liabilities and obligations for the owner, a legal advisory team must prevail to provide information and make all follow ups of the required legal procedures while undertaking the construction bonding (Grovenstein et al. 359). The financial organization must acquire proper background knowledg e and assess the previous character of the contractor on the earlier contracts and agreements. All documents concerning the contractor’s latest fiscal year-end statements must exist in this assessment to provide assurance that the contractor has been loyally paying all sub-contractors, laborers, and suppliers within the slated time. The financial institution, which is the corporate surety, must ensure that the underwriter assess â€Å"the contractor’s latest fiscal year-end statements by examining the accountants’ opinion to review the audit or compilations† (Ramsey 45). They should also assess balance sheet to evaluate the working capital, income statements to estimate gross profits from previous contracts as well as cash statements to appraise operating cash flow among other important construction bonding documents before deciding on the bond agreements (Seifert 49). On finalizing, the surety company underwriter must also consider analyzing the possible risk factors associated with the bonding and ensure they depend on a decision support model in their making their final agreement on the contract. Conclusion Conclusively, there has been substantial literature existing concerning surety bonding in the construction industry yet understanding important procedures in the construction bonding process has been a challenge. Surety companies are the most parties that are at a greater risk of failing in the surety bonding if proper securitization of the owner and the contractor’s intentions in the bonding deal are unknown. Sureties with successful transfer of construction risk have always considered the attractiveness of the risk transfers. Companies engaging in surety bonding normally target the jumbo rates in the premiums, which normally come from seriously risky ventures, and if proper caution lacks in making the appropriate decision in the bonding process, the sureties may be putting themselves into great financial uncertainties . Works Cited CNA Surety 2005, Surety ship: A practical guide to Surety Bonding. Web. 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Print. Surety Information Office. n.d. 10 Things You Should Know About Surety Bonds. PDF file. Web. Vedenov, Dmitry, James Epperson, and Barry Barnett. â€Å"Designing Catastrophe Bonds to Securitize Systemic Risks in Agriculture: The Case of Georgia Cotton.† Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 31.2 (2006): 318-338. Print. This thesis on Construction surety contract bond underwriting risk evaluation was written and submitted by user Sonia Sutton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.