The Tried and True Method for Writing an Article Review in Step by Step Detail

The Tried and True Method for Writing an Article Review in Step by Step Detail The guide presents the illustration of the Shell company that used to get an excellent company reputation in Germany, but has lost a market share on account of the accusations in harming the surroundings in 1995. There are instances when students do not will need to use articles as the main sources. Our writing team includes experienced pros with various academic backgrounds and they're always prepared to work for you. The goal of an article review is connected with values that the individuals attach to opinion from others about certain information in a specific field. The only means to compose a great review is to comprehend what the report is about. The very first region of the article review writing process is reading the post to be reviewed for the very first moment. The way of composing an article review is significantly difficult. 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Essay about The Rebellion of Nora in Ibsens A Dolls House

The Rebellion of Nora in A Dolls House A Dolls House, by Henrik Ibsen, was written during a time when the role of woman was that of comforter, helper, and supporter of man. The play generated great controversy due to the fact that it featured a female protagonist seeking individuality. A Dolls House was one of the first plays to introduce woman as having her own purposes and goals. The heroine, Nora Helmer, progresses during the course of the play eventually to realize that she must discontinue the role of a doll and seek out her individuality. David Thomas describes the initial image of Nora as that of a doll wife who revels in the thought of luxuries that can now be afforded, who is become with flirtation, and engages†¦show more content†¦The mere fact that Noras well-intentioned action is considered illegal reflects womans subordinate position in society; but it is her actions that provide the insight to this position. It can be suggested that women have the power to choose which rules to follow at home, but not in the business world, thus again indicating her subordinateness. Nora does not at first realize that the rules outside the household apply to her. This is evident in Noras meeting with Krogstad regarding her borrowed money. In her opinion it was no crime for a woman to do everything possible to save her husbands life. She also believes that her act will be overlooked because of her desperate situation. She fails to see that the law does not take into account the motivation behind her forgery. Marianne Sturman submits that this meeting with Krogstad was her first confrontation with the reality of a lawful society and she deals with it by attempting to distract herself with her Christmas decorations (Sturman 16). Thus her first encounter with rules outside of her dolls house results in the realization of her naivety and inexperience with the real world due to her subordinate role in society. The character of Nora is not only important in describing to role of women, but also in emphasizing the impact of this role on a woman. Noras child-like manner, evident through her minor acts of disobedience andShow MoreRelatedNora Helmer versus Hedda Gabler in Male Dominated Society Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s stories of Hedda Gabler and A Doll House, we witness examples of a single individual against the overwhelming society. Nora left her family and marriage behind to become an independent individual without the control of men; whereas, Hedda Gabler choose death as her ultimate solution when she was threatened to be control by man. Ibsen’s A Doll’s House was written in 1879 in a style of realism, which depicted life more truthfully without idealized literary elements. A Doll’s House conveysRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1293 Words   |  6 Pages1879 A Doll’s House by Norwegian author Henrik Ibsen was banned throughout Britain as it challenged ideologies specific to those of Europe during the late nineteenth century. The drama presents itself as a social commentary by provoking the conservative ideals of the role of women and marriage. In the twenty-first century the performance stands harmless. Contrariwise, women of the Victorian age were seen as childlike and subservient, which resulted in much controversy surrounding Ibsen’s modern ideasRead MoreHerik Ibsen: Father of Modern Drama1459 Words   |  6 Pagespositions in society, meaning they were kings or aristocrats. The conflicts in these plays usually involved a hero’s mission, and therefore, they were ha rder to connect to in a personal level (Saleh). Yet all was bound to change when a large wave of rebellions hit Europe. Due to the Revolutions of 1848  in Europe, the public began to demand their governments political, economic, and social reforms. The people were looking for a more representative government that would not condemn people based on theirRead MoreA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesIn Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House, pointedly captures the reality of the Victorian Era within the play. Nora Helmer, the protagonist of the story, represents the typical women in society during that era. The audience’s first impression of Nora is a money obsessed, childish, obedient house wife to her husband, Torvald Helmer. However, as the play progresses one can see that Nora is far from being that typical ideal trophy wife, she is an impulsive liar who goes against society’s norm to be whomRead MoreRebellion Against Society in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay677 Words   |  3 PagesRebellion Against Society in A Dolls House      Ã‚  Ã‚  An underlying theme in A Dolls House, by Henrik Ibsen, is the rebellion against social expectations to follow what one believes in their heart. This theme is demonstrated as several of the plays characters break away from the social norms of their time and act on their own beliefs. No one character demonstrates this better than Nora.   Nora rebels against social expectations, first by breaking the law, and later by taking the drastic step ofRead MoreComparison of A Dolls House and Antigone1248 Words   |  5 Pages --Excerpt from ‘The Empowered Woman’ by Sonny Carroll In my mind, Sonny Carroll’s poem perfectly represents what an empowered woman should be; firm, determined and able to stand on her own feet. The characters of Nora and Antigone, from Henrik Ibsen’s ‘A Doll’s House’ and Sophocles’ ‘Antigone’ respectively, completely fit my description of ‘the empowered woman’. As inspiring figures, they left me wondering how they maintained their identities even in their patriarchal societies. What touchedRead MorePet Names and Belittlement: Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House1329 Words   |  6 PagesIn a dolls house, Ibsen has combined several characters with diverse personal qualities and used them to develop the story line as well as bring to life the major themes and issues that the plot is meant to address. Primarily there are two types of characters who can be categorized as static and dynamic, the static characters remain the same form the start to the end of a story and despite the e vents taking place around them, and they do not change their perception or altitudes. These types of charactersRead MoreA Doll’s House and Top Girls2459 Words   |  10 Pagesof A Doll’s House and Top Girls Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and Caryl Churchill’s Top Girls both are a pillar of critical writing about the society they were originally produced in and have a central theme of the oppression of women, which makes them great sources of feminist reviews. Although Ibsen â€Å"abandoned the concept that the play was about gender roles† (Urban, 1997), the central question is beyond the original context within which the plays were produced and received. A Doll’s House canRead MoreHenrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House1433 Words   |  6 Pagesdramas, A Doll’s House and Death of a Salesman societal appearance’s stands above all else. Henrick Ibsens A Dolls House embarks on the gender fitting and domesticity of the Victorian Era at its worse as Nora Helmers unrealistic marriage falls within her grasps, leading to rebellion. Arthur Miller, on the other hand, sets forth the tragedy of the common man through the tragic hero of Willy Loma n and the â€Å"American Dream† in Death of a Salesman (Shmoop Editorial Team 4). In comparison, Nora and WillyRead MoreA Dolls House and the House of Bernarda Alba Essay1111 Words   |  5 PagesFederico Garcia Lorcas â€Å"The House of Bernarda Alba† and Henrik Ibsens â€Å"A Dolls House† both protest against the confinement of women of their days. Although the Houses are set differently in Spain of 20th century and Norway of 19th century respectively, both the plays relate in illuminating their respective female protagonists, Adela and Nora, as they eventually develop a sense of individuality and self-expression and emerge as free individuals from repression. The authors’ attempts allow the reader

Life of Har Gobind Khorana Nucleic Acid Pioneer

Har Gobind Khorana (January 9, 1922 - November 9, 2011) demonstrated the role of nucleotides in the synthesis of proteins. He shared the 1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Marshall Nirenberg and Robert Holley. He is also credited with being the first researcher to produce the first complete synthetic gene. Fast Facts: Har Gobind Khorana Full Name: Har Gobind KhoranaKnown For: Research showing the role of nucleotides in the synthesis of proteins and the first artificial synthesis of a complete gene.Born: January 9, 1922 in Raipur, Punjab, British India (now Pakistan)  Parents: Krishna Devi and Ganpat Rai KhoranaDied: November 9, 2011 in Concord, Massachusetts, USA  Education: Ph.D., University of LiverpoolKey Accomplishments: Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1968  Spouse: Esther Elizabeth SiblerChildren: Julia Elizabeth, Emily Anne, and Dave Roy Early Years Har Gobind Khorana was likely born to Krishna Devi and Ganpat Rai Khorana on January 9, 1922. While that is his officially recorded date of birth, there is some uncertainty as to whether or not that was his exact date of birth. He had four siblings and was the youngest of the five children. His father was a taxation clerk. While the family was poor, his parents realized the value of educational attainment and Ganpat Rai Khorana ensured that his family was literate. By some accounts, they were the only literate family in the area. Khorana attended the D.A.V. High School and then matriculated to Punjab University where he earned both a Bachelors (1943) and a Masters degree (1945). He distinguished himself in both instances and graduated with honors for each degree. Subsequently he was awarded a fellowship from the government of India. He used the fellowship to earn his Ph.D. in 1948 from the University of Liverpool in England. After earning his degree he worked in a postdoctoral position in Switzerland under the tutelage of Vladimir Prelog. Prelog would greatly influence Khorana. He also completed additional post-doctoral work at Cambridge University in England. He studied both nucleic acids and proteins while at Cambridge. During his time in Switzerland, he met and married Esther Elizabeth Sibler in 1952. Their union produced three children, Julia Elizabeth, Emily Anne, and Dave Roy. Career and Research In 1952, Khorana moved to Vancouver, Canada where he took a job with the British Columbia Research Council. The facilities were not expansive, but the researchers had freedom to pursue their interests. During this time he worked on research involving both nucleic acids and phosphate esters. In 1960, Khorana accepted a position at the Institute for Enzyme Research at the University of Wisconsin, where he was the co-director. He became the Conrad A. Elvehjem Professor of the Life Sciences at the University of Wisconsin in 1964. Khorana became an American citizen in 1966. In 1970, he became the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Biology and Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1974, he became the Andrew D. White Professor (at-large) at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Order of Nucleotides Discovery The freedom that began in Canada at the British Columbia Research Council in the 1950s was instrumental to Khoranas later discoveries related to nucleic acids. Along with others, he helped to explain the role of nucleotides in the construction of proteins. The fundamental building block of DNA is the nucleotide. The nucleotides in DNA contain four different nitrogenous bases: thymine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine. Cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines while adenine and guanine are purines. RNA is similar but uracil is used instead of thymine. Scientists realized that DNA and RNA were involved in amino acid assembly into proteins, but the exact processes by which it all worked were not yet known. Nirenberg and Matthaei had created a synthetic RNA that always added the amino acid phenylalanine to a linked amino acid strand. If they synthesized RNA with three uracils together, the amino acids produced were always just phenylalanine. They had discovered the first triplet codon. By this time, Khorana was an expert in polynucleotide synthesis. His research group availed themselves of his expertise to show which combinations of nucleotides form which amino acids. They proved that the genetic code is always transmitted in a set of three codons. They also noted that some codons tell the cell to start making a protein while others tell it to stop making a protein. Their work explained a number of facets of how the genetic code works. In addition to showing that three nucleotides specified an amino acid, their work showed what direction mRNA was read, that the specific codons do not overlap, and that RNA was the  intermediary between the genetic information in DNA and the amino acid sequence in specific proteins. This was the basis of the work for which Khorana, along with Marshall Nirenberg and Robert Holley, was awarded the 1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Synthetic Gene Discovery In the 1970s, Khoranas lab completed the artificial synthesis of a yeast gene. It was the first artificial synthesis of a complete gene. Many hailed this synthesis as a major hallmark in the field of molecular biology. This artificial synthesis paved the way for more advanced methods that would follow. Death and Legacy Khorana received a great number of awards during his lifetime. The foremost was the aforementioned Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1968. He was also awarded the National Medal of Science, the Ellis Island Medal of Honor and the Lasker Foundation Award for Basic Medical Research. He was awarded the Merck Award and the American Chemical Society Award for Work in Organic Chemistry. He earned a number of honorary degrees from universities in India, England, Canada, as well as in the United States. Over the course of his career, he authored or co-authored over 500 publications/articles in various scientific journals. Har Gobind Khorana died of natural causes in Concord, Massachusetts on November 9, 2011. He was 89 years old. His wife, Esther, and one of his daughters, Emily Anne preceded him in death. Sources â€Å"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968.† NobelPrize.org, www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1968/khorana/biographical/.Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Har Gobind Khorana.† Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 12 Dec. 2017, www.britannica.com/biography/Har-Gobind-Khorana.

What Is the Worlds Most Venomous Insect

The most venomous insect isnt some rare, exotic rain forest creature. You may even have them in your own yard. Can you guess what it is? The Venomous Ant The worlds most venomous insect is an ant. Not just any ant will do, since many ants dont sting. Of the ones that do, the award for most toxic venom  goes to the harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex Maricopa). The LD50 for harvester ant venom (in rodents) is 0.12 mg/kg. Compare that to an LD50 of 2.8 mg/kg for a honey bee (Apis mellifera) sting. According to the University of Florida Book of Insect Records, this  is equivalent to 12 stings killing a 2 kg (4.4 lb) rat. Since most rats dont weigh 4 1/2 pounds, put this in perspective: It takes about three stings to kill a 1-pound rat. Venom: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins Insect venoms are comprised of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. They may include alkaloids, terpenes, polysaccharides, biogenic amines (such as histamine), and organic acids (such as formic acid). Venoms also may contain allergenic proteins, which can trigger a potentially lethal immune response in sensitive individuals. Biting and stinging are separate actions in ants. Some ants bite and do not sting. Some bite and spray venom on the bitten area. Some bite and inject formic acid with a stinger. Harvester and fire ants bite and sting in a two-part process. The ants will grab hold with their mandibles, and then pivot around, repeatedly stinging and injecting venom. The venom includes an alkaloid poison. Fire ant venom includes an alarm pheromone, which chemically alerts other ants in the vicinity. Chemical signaling is why the ants all appear to sting at once. That is essentially what they do. The Most Venomous Insect Isnt the Most Dangerous Youd do best to avoid harvester ants, especially if you are allergic to insect stings, but there are other insects much more likely to kill you or make you sick. Driver ants, for example, form the largest insect colonies. Their venom isnt the problem. Its that the ants travel en masse, repeatedly biting any animal in their path multiple times. These ants can kill elephants. The most dangerous insect in the world is the mosquito. While mosquitoes carry a variety of nasty pathogens, the big killer is malaria. Fortunately, only the Anopheles mosquito transmits the deadly disease. A total of 219 million cases of malaria were reported in 2017, leading to more deaths (435,000) than from any other insect bite, sting or disease. The World Health Organization estimates a death occurs every 30 seconds. Source â€Å"Chapter 23: Most Toxic Insect Venom.†Ã‚  Chapter 23: Most Toxic Insect Venom | The University of Florida Book of Insect Records | Department of Entomology Nematology | UF/IFAS.â€Å"Fact Sheet about Malaria.†Ã‚  World Health Organization.

The Electoral College Of The United States - 1621 Words

The Electoral College in the United States is not a place but a process. It was a process our founding fathers established in the Constitution. It is a complicated voting system that most citizens today do not understand. The Electoral College has been in place for well over two hundred years and is unfortunately showing its age. Most people believe that when they vote in a general election for the President, they truly believe they are voting for the president. This has shown to be the case many times in the past elections, but it has happened that the candidate who won the popular vote was not elected President by the Electoral College. The Process spelled out in the Constitution as written by our founding fathers known as the Electoral College needs to be replaced with a better method that truly represents the will and vote of the American people. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 considered several methods of electing the President, Including allowing the members of con gress, state Governors, state legislatures, and by direct election by the people (Staff, 2010). Because there was so many plans and thoughts on the process, a committee was formed which devised the Electoral College system. This plan received widespread approval by the delegates and was put in the final document. Article II, section 1, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution spells out the process of selecting electors for the selection of President and Vice President. The ConstitutionShow MoreRelatedThe United States Electoral College715 Words   |  3 Pages The electoral College was developed at the first constitutional convention in 1787 by James Wilson. The idea of the electoral college was influenced by how Rome would elect the Pope around the same time. During the Constitutional Convention they bounced around several ideas on which way would be most effective to elect a president. The number of electors was dependent upon the number of people in that states senate, (will always be 2) and the number of the people that state had in the House, (whichRead MoreThe Electoral College Of The United States1681 Words   |  7 PagesThe Electoral College The Electoral College in the United States is not a place but a process. It was a process our founding fathers established in the Constitution. It is a complicated voting system that most citizens today do not understand. The Electoral College has been in place for well over two hundred years and is unfortunately showing its age. Most people believe that when they vote in a general election for the President, they truly believe they are voting for the president. ThisRead MoreUnited States Electoral College2080 Words   |  9 Pages Marlon Straker Professor Trokkos PLS 201 04 December 2016 Electoral College With every Presidential election, the United States’ electoral college takes place. The electoral college has been around for about 200 years and it is still going strong with its intended purpose. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Democracy is defined as a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representationRead MoreThe United States Electoral College1757 Words   |  8 Pages The United States Electoral College is ultimately the way the President is elected. The electors are first picked from their state party, and then on election day they are voted on, based on their party. Then those electors take the popular vote from their state to either pursued their vote, or not. The electors are under no obligation to vote in the way that their state did. This is one reason why sometime the popular vote and the electoral votes don’t agree. Each state has a different amountRead MoreThe United States Electoral College1869 Words   |  8 PagesThe Electoral College was established with the best of intentions of representing the American people; however, over time, this antiquated system has failed the American people. The people of the United States deserve better as the Electoral College is no longer a representation of the nation’s voices and concerns. Instead, the political machine has corrupted this deep-rooted system with each modification. The way the people of the United States elect the President and Vice President, requires anRead MoreThe Electoral College in The United States1669 Words   |  7 Pagesaspect of American democracy at the forefront of the world stage. The election to the office of the leader of the free world, the Presidency of the United States of America was in question. How could a candidate receive more votes and still lose in the richest most powerful democracy in the world? I need n ot to go into a debate about the Electoral College as my stance will be clarified rather clearly. The night of the election it seemed as if the Vice President and candidate for the Democratic PartyRead MoreThe United States Electoral College1009 Words   |  5 Pages TravelChinaGuide.com (n.d.) states that Chinese years are represented by twelve zodiacal animal signs. The demographic religious breakdown is as follows: Folk religion, 21.9%, Buddhist, 18.2%, Christian, 5.1%, Muslim, 1.8%, Jewish and Hindu are both less than 0.1% (CIA World Factbook, 2015). Demographically, there are more males than females. Recently, the Chinese government lifted their ban of one child maximum per family (Burkitt, 2015). China’s government In 2013, XI Jinping was elected as PresidentRead MoreThe Electoral College And The United States Of America1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe 45th President if the United States of America will be sworn in on January 2017. So let’s examine the election process leading up to this momentous occasion. The president and vice president are not chosen by a nationwide popular vote of the American people. Rather, they are chosen by the slate of 538 Electors who have pledged their support for that candidate. The Electoral College is a process, not a place. This process is spelled out in the United States Constitution. Why Did the FoundingRead MoreThe Electoral College System Of The United States Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesAfter a year of voting and much debate the final decision of electing the 45th president of the United States was once again down to the Electoral College. (history) The Electoral College system was established by the founding fathers around 130 years ago and basically a process used to select the President and vice President of the United States of America (Procon). So when you went to the polls on November 8th and casted your vote for the next president, something else happened behind the scenesRead MoreAbolish The Electoral College For The United States Essay2111 Words   |  9 Pagesback the Electoral College to the 18th century when the United States was first founded by our Founding Fathers, when after our independence, we created a democracy that will give equal opportunities for the people and not give too much power to one person; therefore the Electoral College ho lds a great importance in our country’s political history. Located in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution, this document states, â€Å"The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote

The Global Public Health Issue - 2091 Words

1. Background information 1.1 The outline of the global public health issue Cigarette smoking has been well documented to cause a wide range of health conditions such as heart diseases and respiratory problems and it is a major risk factor for getting various kind of cancers (Simpson Nonnemaker, 2013). Besides illness and death, there are several research evidences presenting that cigarette smoking results in less productive life years and for mounting needless health care costs. Globally, the preventable deaths caused by tobacco smoking accounts for over 5 million deaths yearly (Wilson et al., 2012). Currently, there are over 1 billion smokers in the world and over 80% of these smokers are living in low and middle income countries†¦show more content†¦Since then, countries around the world has taken a wide range of initiatives and programs at national and state level such as tax and price measures, banning advertisement, promotion and sponsorship, educational efforts and providing cessation assistance in line with the WHO FCTC (Weishaar et al., 20 12). These policies are have resulted in significant reductions in the prevalence of smoking besides decreasing death, diseases and effect of health care cost towards economies caused by tobacco use. 1.2 The outline of the national issue Bhutan was among the first 40 countries that ratified WHO FCTC. The ratification of WHO FCTC in August 2004 by the National Assembly of Bhutan was a momentous event for tobacco control nationally and globally. But the National Assembly not only ratified the FCTC; it believed that a stronger stance must be taken on tobacco control. They issued a ban on the sale of tobacco products that became effective from 17 December 2004. In so doing, Bhutan went beyond the obligations outlined under the FCTC. Bhutan became the first and, thus far, the only country to have ever embarked on such a course of action. The FCTC requires member states to fulfill a number of obligations including periodic reporting of the implementation of measures adopted. Bhutan is among the nine member states in WHO South-East Asia Region that have developed and engaged in implementing comprehensive tobacco control policies,

Essay on Women´s Right Activism - 1664 Words

Jane Austen, a well-known author in the early 1800s, â€Å"advocated for the dignity, intelligence, and basic human potential of the female sex,† but feminists think of a separate, specific event as kicking off womens rights activism (Rampton). In July of 1848, the first meeting that had ever addressed womens rights exclusively took place in Seneca Falls, New York. Over 300 men and women came to the convention, and this started the first wave of feminism in which American women fought for the right to vote. The second wave fought for freedom of sexuality while the third wave, which is currently taking place, fights against Americas raunch or sexually driven culture in order to lessen the burden of oppression and â€Å"-isms† of people other than†¦show more content†¦The second wave of feminism included the Stonewall riots in which men at a gay bar resisted the fairly frequent police raids one night and fought back, as well as Roe v. Wade, 1973, in which Jane Ro e fought for the right to an abortion while being pregnant but unmarried. Abortion laws are still debated about this day, as are homosexuals in most areas of the country. Finally, the third wave takes place from the late 90s into present day. This wave covers a lot of information, but is mostly about the negative impact media has on our society. It is about how everyone is self-conscious of their body type (all sexes, women to be unhealthily skinny and men to be body builders), raunch-culture (sexualized American culture and objectification, such as pornography- how some women think its revolting and others believe it is liberating), our views on sexuality as a culture (LGBTQ rights), and how women may be repeating history. Many feminists believe women are objectifying themselves by heavily wearing make-up and exposing their bodies in revealing clothing, thus putting heterosexual men into the position or making it easier for them to look at women all that much more (Rampton). The se cond and third wave intertwine because even today, we as a nation have not completely settled the inequalities with gender, sexuality, or social ethics. Feminism is equality for all, especially for strict gender rolesShow MoreRelatedWhat Caused The Rise Of Protesters Throughout The 1960s? Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pages1950s, which was after World War II has concluded and the United States became a global superpower. Activism in the 1960s, Terry H. Anderson describes that the activism of the 1960s has a significant positive change in American politics, culture, and society. New Left, a political movement consisting of educators, and not others who sought to implement a broad range of reform on issues such as gay rights, drugs and so on, had an impact in the 1960s. On the other hand, Peter Clecak issued that duringRead MoreThe Issues Of Urban Poverty1197 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican life was transformed in the 1960s from the start of the decade. The 1960s consisted of new rights and new understandings of freedom. The sixties consisted of rights for racial minorities to be involved in the mainstream of the American lifestyle. However, unsolved issues of urban poverty still existed. Women in the 1960s established a conversion in women’s status, for instance, women entered the paid workforce. America experienced a growth of conservative movements, consequently, the 1960sRead MoreGloria Steinem And Pitman Hughes Summary999 Words   |  4 Pagesfeatured in Esquire in 1971. 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Led Zeppelin Musicians, Folklorists, Poets Free Essays

Led Zeppelin is generally considered to have been one of the most influential rock bands to have existed.   The band came into existence in the late 1960s from Britain, following the lead of several other musical acts which led to the coining of the term â€Å"British Invasion.†Ã‚   But unlike many other bands, Zeppelin was not only interested in making music, but in offering their own takes on classical stories, such as the Trojan war. We will write a custom essay sample on Led Zeppelin: Musicians, Folklorists, Poets or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their songs all employed a variety of poetic elements, such as rhyme scheme, metaphors, and allusions, and have connections to a number of true poems..   This can be seen when Led Zeppelin’s songs â€Å"Stairway to Heaven† and â€Å"Achilles’ Last Stand† are compared to W.H. Auden’s â€Å"The Shield of Achilles† and Lord Alfred Tennyson’s â€Å"The Lady of Shallot.† Led Zeppelin’s â€Å"Stairway to Heaven† has long been considered one of the band’s most famous contributions to the musical community.   The song has a main storyline about a woman who has spent her life concerned with material matters and never giving thought to the idea that perhaps the treasures she accumulated in life would never truly grant her a place in Heaven. There is an allusion to the buying of alms.   The practice of buying alms was a common and popular practice in the early days of the Catholic church and involved people paying a certain amount of money to priests to have their sins forgiven, thus leading to the song’s notion that by accumulating wealth, salvation might be attained. â€Å"Stairway to Heaven† also has a definite rhythm.   The song alternates from having lines that are 6 – 12 syllables long.   The stanzas begin with lines that are either 10 to 12 syllables long and each consecutive line gradually decreases the amount of syllables that are present: And it’s whispered that soon if we all call the tune  Ã‚   (12 syllables) Then the piper will lead us to reason.   (10 syllables) And a new day will dawn for those who stand long   (11 syllables) And the forests will echo with laughter.   (10 syllables) Immediately, a pattern in the rhythm can be seen.   The first line is 12 syllables and the following line is reduced by two syllables.   The third line is then one syllable less than the first line and the final line is the same as the second.   Such use of rhythm allows for the song to be more organized when set to music and for the poem to be more melodic when recited, to have a more flowing and surreal tone to it. The song also involves the use of repetition.   The first stanza incorporates the repetition of the same phrase in lines two and five of the song, â€Å"And she’s buying the stairway to heaven/ [†¦] ooh, ooh, and she’s buying the stairway to heaven.†Ã‚   That repetition is seen in the last couplet of the second verse with the phrase â€Å"Ooh, it makes me wonder† and is repeated again in the last line of fourth stanza. The poem also incorporates a sense of Arthurian legend, such as with the idea of â€Å"The Lady of Shallot† by Lord Alfred Tennyson.   Tennyson states that, â€Å"Willows whiten, aspens quiver,/ Little breezes dusk and shiver/ thro’ the wave that runs for ever† (10-12).   Led Zeppelin changes the image slightly and states that â€Å"If there’s a bustle in your hedgerow, don’t be afraid./ It’s just a spring clean for the May queen./ [†¦] Dear Lady, can you hear the wind blow, and did you know/ your stairway lies on the whispering wind.†Ã‚   There is an allusion to everything being alive in both examples.   Both incorporate an environment that is still except for the wind and largely pastoral. Even more similar is the idea of an idealistic young woman dressed in white.   Led Zeppelin refers to: There walks a lady we all know Who shines white light and wants to show How everything still turns to gold. And if you listen very hard  the tune will come to you at last. The image is nearly identical to the Lady of Shallot described by Tennyson: Lying, robed in snowy white that loosely flew to left and right — that leaves upon her falling light — thro’ the noises of the night [†¦] They heard her singing her last song. Both women have a sense of idealism about them that eventually leads to their greater disappointment.   The woman in â€Å"Stairway to Heaven† is soon to be disappointed by the fact that her wealth will not bring her into eternal salvation.   The Lady of Shallot is only just beginning to come to terms with the fact that Lancelot does not love her and she has thrown away her life loving someone who will never have the same affection for her.   Both women are approached as being virginal creatures: they wear white, there is a sense of innocence in their believing that everything is as beautiful as gold. Even more stirring is the idea that the final stanza of â€Å"Stairway to Heaven† refers to listeners finally being able to hear her song, while â€Å"Our Lady of Shallot† is referred to as singing one final song.   Both end with a sense of finality and tragedy.   The women are lost because of their innocence and their false hope in the world and it is the final notes of their individual songs that their existences in the world are finally realized. Led Zeppelin’s â€Å"Achilles’ Last Stand† immortalizes one of the most famous figures of the Trojan war.   In the song, Achilles speaks of leaving for the war as a means of finding greater glory in his life as a warrior and achieving the last dreams he has within him, whether or not he lives or dies.   W. H. Auden’s poem â€Å"The Shield of Achilles† personifies Achilles’ shield and makes her seem to be a maternal figure who knows that Achilles will soon suffer an untimely death at the hands of his enemies but is wholly unable to prevent the death from occurring. Auden’s poem has a definite rhythmic structure.   The main verses are seven lines each, while the more choral stanzas are eight lines, making the text more melodic when read.   Through the use of repetition, the idea of a song being present in the poem is obvious. Both â€Å"The Shield of Achilles† and â€Å"Achilles’ Last Stand† mention a number of mythical references.   â€Å"The Shield of Achilles† alludes to the gods Hephaestus and Thetis while â€Å"Achilles’ Last Stand† refers to Atlas and Albion.   The poems also refer to the same foreboding figure, a decrepit old man symbolizing Achilles’ death.   â€Å"The Shield of Achilles† refers to the man as being â€Å"a ragged urchin, aimless and alone† while â€Å"Achilles’ Last Stand† refers to the man as â€Å"to seek the man whose pointed hand/the giant step unfolds.† But the tone of the two poems differ greatly.   â€Å"Achilles’ Last Stand† is one of glory in battle and despite the fact that the persona is aware that certain death may await him, he is willing to face his fate, regardless of the outcome: When they told us we should go As I turn to you You smiled at me How could we say no? With all the fun to have to live the dreams we always had Woa the song to sing When we at last return again (1-8). The persona wants to be immortalized for his duty in battle, wants to fulfill his goal of being a legendary warrior and spoken of for years after his death.   The use of such positive ideas, such as â€Å"when we at last return† refer to a disregard for death.   Even the end of the poem, when the persona finally dies, is positive, â€Å"The mighty arms of Atlas/hold the heavens from the earth/ I know the way, know the way, know the way.†Ã‚   There is never any submission.   The persona faces death gracefully, with the mentality of a warrior. Auden’s poem is much different in its tone.   There is an idea of the shield lamenting, beginning a premature mourning of her beloved warrior.   The poem even incorporates a scene from the Holocaust’s concentration camps to make the tone of the poem that much more somber, â€Å"Barbed wire enclosed an arbitrary spot/ Where bored officials lounged (one cracked a joke)/ And sentries sweated for the day was hot.†Ã‚   The entire poem is built around the premise of death and dying, and the shield is witness to all that suffering, even though she mourns Achilles the most. Even the depiction of immortal duties are different.   When â€Å"The Final Stand of Achilles† refers to â€Å"the mighty arms of Atlas, hold the heaven from the earth†, there is a sense of masculine pride, of a true warrior succeeding in his duties even though he suffers slightly.   â€Å"The Shield of Achilles† offers a more human take on such a task.   Atlas’s duty is suddenly doled out to a number of individuals, all of whom are too weak to take on such a responsibility, â€Å"The mass and majesty of this world, all/ That carries weight and always weighs the same / Lay in the hands of others; they were small.† Through the use of repetition, rhythmic patterns, and thematic continuity, Led Zeppelin’s songs are shown to be just as poetic as musical, especially when compared to a number of poems similar in content and structure, and prove that songs are merely poems set to music. Works Cited Auden, W.H. â€Å"The Shield of Achilles.† Led Zeppelin.   â€Å"Stairway to Heaven†. Led Zeppelin.   â€Å"Achilles’ Last Stand.† Tennyson, Lord Alfred.   â€Å"The Lady of Shallot.†       How to cite Led Zeppelin: Musicians, Folklorists, Poets, Essay examples

Business Models Innovation Landscape

Question: Discuss about the Business Models for Innovation Landscape. Answer: Introduction: For this report, start-up plan for a new restaurant has been taken up. The business method of the company is based on current day ecommerce. The start-up plan which is been planned for past few years is starting a restaurant based on theme. The restaurant will focus on innovative contemporary foods and will be one, which will be counted among the best dining choices. The business further planned to reach out various cities all over the country. Business Model: The business method would be very usual for a restaurant. Very soon, the restaurant will open their branches in the city of Sydney, Australia. The business method will concentrate on building a good brand value of the restaurant and then opening other branches to various cities of Australia. The companys focus would be to offer attractive and comfortable atmosphere, innovative preparation of foods and remarkable taste of service. Details of operation: The first outlet of the restaurant will start operating from 1st quarter of 2017. According to the plans the 2nd outlet will be opened in 6 months and then 3 in each year. The schedule of long-term business is a function for the type of cash that is generated from operations. If high amount of cash is generated from the initial segment of the business, it will be easier to expand the business. Various challenges that a restaurant business may face at the start-up: Starting a restaurant business may be a dream for various people. Autonomous owners of restaurant are able to design their restaurant based on their choice and preference, select the menu as per their wish while working in an industry they love. However, the independent restaurant business also comes with some limitations and problems that the owner has to face. These problems are: Financial problem: Most of the owners of restaurant cannot accurately estimate the initial capital they will be required to open and run the new restaurant. New proprietors are required huge amount of capital to pay for renting a building, hiring new waiter, decoration of restaurant and stocking the bar and kitchen areas (Prentice et al. 2014). Most of the new owners do not earn good amount of profit for months or even years after opening. The restaurant owners required sufficient capital to sustain in the business. Owners must plan to have sufficient capital to run for one year at least. In addition, they are required to have sufficient amount to manage with unpredicted increase and cost (Bor et al. 2013). Raising capital from investors: After developing the idea of opening a restaurant, the next big challenge for starting the business is raising capital. The owner is the only person who has the idea of the business to the core and the owner is the only person who can assess the future of the business. Convincing the investor is one of the biggest challenges the owner has to face. Trying to convince them and explaining them that they are also part of the task is not an easy job while building the first business (Yen et al. 2015). This is more than just asking for money as the owner must have the ability to sell his idea and and convince him about his vision to the potential investor. Most of the investors are willing to invest in established business with minimum risk and not in a new business, as they prefer to get regular return from their investment. To overcome the problem of raising capital, the owner must be able to explain his mission and vision in a well-shaped manner. it means the owner must improve his comm unication skill and manner of presentation. In the process of raising capital, the owner must have a good story to explain, supported by a well-built plan of business and good skill of persuasion (Wang, Tran and Nguyen 2014). Valuation of business: One of the most crucial issues in start-up is the appropriate valuation of business. This is required to raise capital from the investor. The method applied by one investor is different from other investor in the industry (Carter and Baghurst 2014). Few key aspects of valuation are as follows: The industry: The valuation typically depends on the industry to which the business is related. Every industry has their own valuation method. A biotech business business may have higher valuation than a newly started restaurant business. For example, new restaurant business may be valued at 3-4*EBITDA that is earning before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation while, an internet business with high rate of growth may valued at 5-10*EBITDA. Therefore, before approaching the investor the owner must study the valuation approach used by the recent M and A and financing transactions in the industry. Method of start-up valuation: In terms of techniques used by the investor, the investor will study the records relating to: Cash flow, revenue and net income from recent financial statement Discounted cash flow analysis or forecasted cash flow of the business (French 2014). These various ranges can be very broad and can be varied considerably within the industries. Rule of thumb: Finally, the investor will have a very good knowledge about the value of the business, and their willingness to pay. So, collect a few terms and conditions sheets from various investors, and compare and contrast valuations and other terms, and play them off each other to get the best deal. As a rule of thumb, they expect to give up 25 to 35% of their equity, in every financing of equity they invest (Lane 2013). Improve the spending and equity: It is a complicated thing. Many people start the restaurant business as they have love for food and customers. If the owner is smart enough and takes a proactive strategy, he can successfully save money for the business and can have more resources for running the business. The business can cut the expenditure in various ways. They are as follows: Involve the staffs: The owner will never be able to save money until he involves his whole team in the planning process. However, simply asking them to save money will not be effective. The staff must have clear idea about how much they are spending on wasted foods and utilities. Reward the employees: It will be a nice idea to appreciate the employees and rewarding them for meeting the objectives. If any employer is trying to cutting the cost, he must be ensured that the owner is noticing his approach and appreciating him Social media: social media is a great and cost effective method to advertise for the business. For example, face book and twitter are the great platform for marketing the product with zero cost. Cut on freebies: through cutting on freebies, the restaurant owner can save on unnecessary cost. This does not mean that they should stop giving freebies, but they should offer the freebies only when asked by the customer. This way they can avoid wasting the food. Daily inventory: Doing the inventory on daily basis will assist the owner to keep track of inventories and the staff members will not be able to take home the items secretly (Bernstein and Sheen 2016). Shareholders equity can be increased through the following ways: Increase in Paid Capital: Shareholder may contribute in capital, for example, in property and equipment, cash to a incorporated restaurant industry. Paid-in capital that are excess of the par value of shares stated in the capital part of the shareholders equity segment of the financial statement (Liu et al. 2015). Decrease in Liabilities: Equity states the offerings that the stockholders of a restaurant business contribute and their demand against the asset of the company. Stockholders equity is same to the difference between the company's total assets and total liabilities. Increase in Outstanding Shares: Ordinary stock appears in the stockholders equity section of the financial statement. When a restaurant business makes a offering for new stock, it increases company's paid-in capital as well as the number of outstanding shares (Chang et al. 2013). Cost of exit the business: Various costs are involved in exiting the business. They are: Cost of selling: if the company wishes to sell the business to third part or to any employee it involves cost such as cost of closing the business, cost of broker (Gurjar and Rathore 2013). Payments: Before closing the business the owner must pay the dues to the staffs, suppliers, any revenue expenses like electric bills, payment of rent (Chesbrough 2013). Conclusions: It is concluded from the above discussions that if the company goes for the exit strategy, it will need money to pay off the various charges. Moreover, all the future options will be closed with the exit option. Gaining further investment from the investor will also not be a easy task for any start up business as the investor always prefer to invest in established business to get certain amount of return. The only option that is open to the owner is to improve the spending and shareholders equity. Therefore, the owner should implement the strategy in a proper way to improve the spending to sustain in the business. Reference: Bernstein, S. and Sheen, A., 2016. The operational consequences of private equity buyouts: Evidence from the restaurant industry.Review of Financial Studies, p.hhw037. Bor, J., Herbst, A.J., Newell, M.L. and Brnighausen, T., 2013. Increases in adult life expectancy in rural South Africa: valuing the scale-up of HIV treatment.Science,339(6122), pp.961-965. Carter, D. and Baghurst, T., 2014. The influence of servant leadership on restaurant employee engagement.Journal of Business Ethics,124(3), pp.453-464. Chang, C., Minkler, M., Salvatore, A.L., Lee, P.T., Gaydos, M. and San Liu, S., 2013. Studying and addressing urban immigrant restaurant worker health and safety in San Franciscos Chinatown district: A CBPR case study.Journal of Urban Health,90(6), pp.1026-1040. Chesbrough, H., 2013.Open business models: How to thrive in the new innovation landscape. Harvard Business Press. French, C.C., 2014. The aftermath of catastrophes: Valuing business interruption insurance losses.St. UL Rev,461. Gurjar, Y.S. and Rathore, V.S., 2013. Cloud business intelligenceis what business need today.International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering,1(6), pp.81-86. Lane, C., 2013. Taste makers in the fine-dining restaurant industry: The attribution of aesthetic and economic value by gastronomic guides.Poetics,41(4), pp.342-365. Liu, C.R., Wu, T.C., Yeh, P.H. and Chen, S.P., 2015. Equity-based customer loyalty mode for the upscale hotelsAlternative models for leisure and business travels.Tourism Management Perspectives,16, pp.139-147. Prentice, I.C., Dong, N., Gleason, S.M., Maire, V. and Wright, I.J., 2014. Balancing the costs of carbon gain and water transport: testing a new theoretical framework for plant functional ecology.Ecology Letters,17(1), pp.82-91. Wang, L.W., Tran, T.T. and Nguyen, N.T., 2014. Analyzing Factors to Improve Service Quality of Local Specialties Restaurants: A Comparison with Fast Food Restaurants in Southern Vietnam.Asian Economic and Financial Review,4(11), p.1592. Yen, B.T., Burke, M., Ghafoor, M., Mulley, C. and Moutou, C., 2015, September. Do restaurant precincts need more parking? Differences in business perceptions and customer travel behaviour in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. InAustralasian Transport Research Forum (ATRF), 37th, 2015, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Cognitive Development - Reflective Statement free essay sample

Thirteen years ago I first started learning to play the guitar and today I am still very passionate about developing my skills on the instrument. Looking in detail at the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky, this reflective statement will explore my learning journey of playing the guitar and a challenge I faced with my development explaining the impact it had with reference to the chosen theories. Jean Piaget and Lev Semanovich Vygotsky were two of the most influential theorists that contributed to how we view cognitive development today. Piaget was born in 1896 in Neuchatel, Switzerland to a father who was a scientist and a mentally ill mother. Like his father, this led him to spend most of his time in scientific study rather than perusing more conventional leisure activities. He was a very gifted as a child and at the age of 10 had published his first scientific article. At 14 he was offered a curators position at the Geneva Museum of Nation History and at 18 he had gained his first Bachelor’s degree. He then completed his PHD and by the time he was 21 he had published 25 scholarly papers. From his studies with children in Paris, he became convinced that children think in ways that are qualitatively different than adults. He passed away in 1980 at the age of 84 (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, McMaugh, 2010). Like Piaget, Vygotsky was born into an intellectual family in the southern Byelorussian town of Gomel. Intellectually gifted as a child with an extraordinary memory, he was educated at home and later won a place at the University of Moscow in 1913. After completing university with a degree in law, he returned to Byelorussia and taught a range of subjects to adults and children including language and literature, logic and psychology, and art history and theatre. During this teaching he became interested in children with learning difficulties and intellectual disabilities inspiring him to develop research clinics that conducted research on such children. He was particularly interested in devising ways in which to assess children’s intellectual abilities and to evaluate the efficiency of intervention strategies. In 1924 he moved to Moscow to work with other psychologists and together they developed a ‘cultural-historical’ or ‘sociohistorical’ view of human development that emphasized cognitive activities such as thinking, memory and reasoning until his death in 1934. The Russian communist party banned his work from 1936 to 1956 and it wasn’t until the 1960’s that his work was well known around the world (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, McMaugh, 2010). Piaget believed that rather my development of playing the guitar being continuous, it related to a series of distinct sequentially proceeding ‘stages’ of cognitive development from birth to my now adulthood, with thinking at one stage being qualitatively different from thinking at the next (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, McMaugh, 2010). He identified four universal and invariant stages that all children must progress through in sequence in order to reach the level of cognitive development that demonstrates a capacity to think abstractly and use reason. These four stages in order are the ‘sensorimotor stage’ from birth till two years, the ‘preoperational stage’ from two till six or seven years, the ‘concrete operations stage’ from seven till eleven or twelve years, and finally the ‘formal operations stage’ from eleven or twelve years till adulthood. Piaget identified what he called ‘developmental milestones’ for each of his stages that were key achievements to be attained by a child in each cognitive level (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, McMaugh, 2010). I first picked up a guitar to play when I was seven years of age so according to Piaget I probably would have been entering into my concrete operations stage. This meant that I had achieved the developmental milestone of ‘conservation’, which is the understanding that objects or quantities remain the same despite changes in personal appearance but had not yet demonstrated abstract thought and propositional reasoning as in the formal operations stage. This showed, as I understood that I could manipulate the same notes on the guitar by placing my fingers on different strings, in different locations on the fret board to achieve the same pitch of sound. But when asked to think abstractly and use propositional and hypothetical-deductive reasoning like in musical composition, I found I could only play music taught to me, not write my own. I remember writing my first song on the guitar when I was aged thirteen. This would be one of my first memories of demonstrating a capacity to think not just about concrete realities, but also about abstract possibilities or and infinite number of imaginable realities. Piaget argued that how we think remains the same no matter what our age, what changes is the way we organize our thoughts using what he described as ‘schemes’. These schemes are a mental image or cluster of related ideas used to organize existing knowledge and to make sense of new experiences (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, McMaugh, 2010). According to this theory, I started my learning journey with the guitar as a young child when I first was exposed to the idea of music. This created a new scheme for ‘music’ and was the building platform for all my further experiences and ideas that related to music. My journey would have then progressed as I was exposed to new ideas about music, with each new idea modifying my scheme of music. Piaget described the modification of schemes when introduced to new experiences as ‘disequilibrium’, which is the cognitive imbalance resulting from inconsistency between what is known and what is expected, and something strange and expected (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, McMaugh, 2010). This would have first been shown when introduced to the image of a guitar. By not having any prior schemes connected to this new experience, I would have entered a mental state of disequilibrium. To try fixing this imbalanced state, Piaget describes a process called ‘adaptation’ taking place. This is the process of adjusting to new situations and experiences through the modification of existing schemes or the creation of new schemes by either of two processes called ‘accommodation’ or ‘assimilation’. Accommodation refers to creating fresh information to form a new mental image or scheme. An example would be when I first experienced seeing a guitar, a new ‘guitar’ scheme was created and every other experience of guitars was then added to this scheme. As well as accommodation taking place, assimilation is used to adjust existing mental models or schemes to fit a mental experience (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, McMaugh, 2010). An example of this would be when I previously had only seen acoustic guitars, and then being introduced to the experience of seeing an electric guitar for the first time. Knowing that it looked similar to what I currently thought a guitar looks like, but the shape and size were different, I experienced disequilibrium and then using accommodation I adjusted my existing mental model and scheme to fit the new experience. Once balance between what is familiar and known, new and unfamiliar has been achieved through the process of assimilation and accommodation, a state of equilibration will now replace the disequilibrium. This happened whenever I successfully learned a new chord, new fingering pattern or any way in which my guitar scheme encountered and adapted to a new experience. When I stopped receiving guitar lessons at the age of thirteen, the lack of social interaction with the other guitar students challenged me in my learning of the instrument. Both Piaget and Vygotsky agreed that social interaction plays an important part in influencing development. According to Piaget’s theory he suggests that social interactions with others, including peers and teachers, contribute to children’s learning experiences (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, McMaugh, 2010). While I was receiving lessons I was critically challenged by my teacher to constantly expand my existing scheme of what I could play on the guitar, but without a teacher or mentor to stimulate cognitive development I could only attempt do this myself using anti social resources I found in books and on the internet. Piaget believed that social interaction is particularly important when children are interacting with their peers who think in similar ways and who have had similar experiences but who have a slightly different perspective (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, McMaugh, 2010). While I was receiving lessons I’d often meet with other students to share ideas and skills to expand each other’s abilities on the guitar. This key process is described as ‘sociocognitive conflict’, which challenges children’s thinking and stimulates cognitive development as the child tries to fit together others’ views that differ from their own (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, McMaugh, 2010). Vygotsky argued very strongly that it is interaction with others that we learn how to think. While Piaget was interested in describing what was universal in children’s cognitive development, Vygotsky was interested in differences, and particularly how these differences arose from the social, historical and cultural context in which children grow (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, McMaugh, 2010). When I was receiving guitar lessons, Vygotsky described that I was developing not just as an individual, but also as a member of a particular society and culture. He described human’s mental abilities as ‘lower mental functions’, which are inherited, involuntary capacities such as vision hearing and taste that are controlled by external bjects and events as well as ‘higher mental functions’, which are developed through social interaction, including logical abstract thinking and language. These higher mental functions operate internally and are used to control lower mental functions, to solve problems concerning external objects and events (Krause, Bo chner, Duchesne, McMaugh, 2010). When I left my guitar lessons it was these higher mental functions that were much harder to develop by myself in a solo learning environment. One of the key concepts that differed Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development from Piaget’s is the notion of internalisation. This is the notion that individuals change their ideas and processes when they observe and participate in social interaction (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, McMaugh, 2010). I experienced this when I was sixteen at high school and related to other peers who also shared my interest for learning the guitar. Media also played a large role in internalising ideas from songs that I had heard on the radio or seen on television. Taking these ideas from my peers and the media, I applied them to my life and built new skills and ideas from them. Vygotsky identified what he called the ‘zone of proximal development’, or ZPD, which he described as the distance between what children can do by themselves and what they can do with the help of others (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, McMaugh, 2010). During high school I quickly realized that the more I socialized with peers that were better than myself at playing guitar, the faster I learned new skills that would have taken me much longer to learn by myself. This is where I saw Vygotsky’s theory of ZPD being used the most. Vygotsky argued that the difference between learners is their ZPD, where one learner is much more able to benefit from assistance than the other (Krause, Bochner, Duchesne, McMaugh, 2010). During my later years in high school I found that my younger peers who hadn’t been playing guitar as long as myself benefited from older students assistance much more than I did. This showed me the significance of the role in assisting learners to progress. This reflective statement has considered how the theories of Paiget and Vygotsky have applied to my learning journey of playing the guitar and a challenge I faced during it with reference to the chosen theories. It showed how both theorists have shaped how we view cognitive development in todays teaching setting and the importance of social interaction within a learning environment. Word Count: 1979 References Krause, K. , Bochner, S. , Duchesne, S. , McMaugh, A. (2010). Educational Psychology for Learning and Teaching (3rd ed. ). Victoria: Cengage Learning

Qualitative Investigation and Behavioural Problems

Question: Discuss about the Qualitative Investigation and Behavioural Problems. Answer: Introduction: Although earlier, the mental health issues were not being given sufficient importance, in recent time, the medical health reports claim that an individual is as susceptible to get affected by mental illness, as by the usual physical illness, and in both the cases, if the illness is being neglected, the patient can encounter fatal consequences. While usually people seek medical attention only once they are being diagnosed with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, depression, anxiety problem or paranoia are equally harmful to the patients mental well-being that need medical attention and proper treatment. In Australia, the mental health problem has emerged to be a crucial problem with approximately 1 out of every 5 Australians suffering from some sort of mental illness (Lee et al., 2016). Each year, it should be noted, that approximately 4 % of the Australians suffer from a major depression disorder, while 14% of the Australians suffer from major anxiety disorder (Loo, 2015). However, a large number of patients suffering from mental illness refrain from seeking treatment, simply because they are being stigmatized against gong to a hospital for a mental check-up, that invariable implies lunacy to them. In the present case study, it is observed that Angelina has been suffering from severe depression disorder, and yet she did not seek medical assistance, partially because of her stigmatized attitude towards mental disorder. However, as her parents rush her to the Mental Health Nursing centre of Australia it would be important to understand as to which therapeutic modalities would be offered to her, and what therapeutic engagement skills would be used by MHN for the restoration of Angelinas mental health. Discussion: Angelina exhibited the most usual symptoms of depressions, such as the feeling of worthlessness, loss of interest, appetite and sleeping, suicidal thoughts as well as lack of meaning or purpose in life. However, what might have refrained her from seeking medical attention was her stigmatized attitude towards mental illness, which is still being equated with lunacy. She might have daunted by the thought of being referred to as mad by her friends, or might have also apprehended receiving similar response from her physician as well. In fact, a report by the Mental Health Council, Australia claims that 29% of the mental healthcare consumers claim that the healthcare experts they sought treatment from, exhibited an unnaturally and unacceptably stigmatized behaviour towards them, which in turn impeded their effective recovery, as their self-esteem were being hurt (Ziaian et al., 2012). However, once Angelinas parents were able to identify the signs of her mental dysfunction, they rushed he r to get admitted in a mental health centre (Dipnall et al., 2016). Once admitted, the duty of a mental health nurse towards the patient can be considerably different from one who treats and helps in curing the physical illnesses. The early experiences of a consumer encountering his health expert leaves an indelible impression in his mind and the extent to which the nurse has a positive impact on the patients health largely depends on how active therapeutic engagement skills the expert possesses. It has been noted that much before she is being admitted, owing to depression disorder, Angelina has been suffering from a sense of social exclusion (Jackson et al., 2014). Hence, the MHN will first of all, need to ensure that unfair treatment or disrespectful and stigmatized behaviour is not being shown towards the patient that can hurt her dignity and sense of worth (Ibrahim et al., 2013). In case of the therapeutic engagement process, first a rapport has to be formed with the client so that she can confide in her, followed by a process of setting out strategies to guide the self-healthcare practice. First of all, she will need to possess sound communication skills, backed by a friendly demeanour so that the patient like Angelina can come out of her shell and open up. The skill to empathize would also be required as there is no gain listening to the problem of Angelina unless the nurse can provide her moral support. It would also be important to posses the therapeutic skill to listen, as it would help the patient get the opportunity to express her pent up emotions, and yet feel understood and listened. A patient suffering from depression, usually feels ignored, and strives to seek attention, and thus he should be properly attended to, listened and understood. Even if the healthcare expert feels she is stating wrong facts, the nurse should not correct her during the ini tial hours of her treatment, as it can impede the communication flow, and hurt the dignity of the patient, discouraging her to open up further. Angelina circumstance, considering her age, sex or background, may be completely different from that of the nurse, yet she should mete out a warm and empathetic treatment to her, while also observing and taking note of her circumstances that might be considered to have contributed to her depression(Rickwood et al., 2014). Considering the situation of Angelina, it has been observed that she does not suffer from major depression disorder, as the very common and usual symptoms such as insomnia, apathy towards activities and social isolation are found in her case. Hence, as she is being diagnosed with moderate depression disorder, the initial treatment modalities that would be offered to her would include pharmacotherapy as well as psychotherapy. Since Angelina has not yet committed nay violent act, or has not exhibited acts of self-harm, her depression can and should be cured especially with the help of Psychotherapy. In case of Psychotherapy, Angelina will be encouraged to talk out about the problems that have been distressing her the most in the last few days (Colquhoun et al., 2013). However, during the counselling session, the patient will not be suddenly asked about the factors that are bothering her, but it would require, a systematically organized method of approaching the client hat would be followed by the gradual divulgence of the significant facts and issues of the clients life. The recent death of a beloved relative, lack of career focus, a recent heart-break, major illness or any such major incident in the recent past of the client should be understood that might have affected the mental well-being of the patient, and altered the perception of her life. Psychotherapy treatment modality will help the patient cure not by seeking consolation, but by altering how she perceives the world or herself (Ditchter et al., 2015). The nurse will not only help her understand how frequently common depression is in her country or the world as well, and how she can look at the problem in a positive way, but will also teacher the coping strategies for the same (Mott et al., 2014). Besides, the nursing interventions must be directly related to the psychodynamic strategies that can help the patient cope up with the problem of Depression. The nurse-led intervention process will consist of helping the patient learn the basic coping strategies. Angelina will be made aware of the symptoms of depression, and how to understand depression. She will be asked about her former depression experiences, and accordingly she will be informed about some of the common positive cognitive strategies she can practice at home. She will be encouraged to overcome depression as well as be made aware of the instructions of coping with depression, through face-to-face lectures. She will be made aware of the common medicines, such as mild anti-depressants that can solve her anxiety trouble or insomnia problem as well. The nurse will also need to share the useful tips about some of the common relaxation exercises that can relieve her mind of the stress and anxiety. Angelina will be informe d about the depression related problems, such as dizzy head, apathy in doing work, a thought of detaching oneself from the world, suicidal tendencies and so on. With the help of the booklets, the nurse will require to make her aware of the the problem-solving strategies that can help her successfully deal with the problem. She will be made aware of the commonest breathing exercises, medication tricks and other distraction strategies that can help her overcome depression without resorting to medicines. The teaching is provided through standardized, non-individualized formats for each participant. The educational program based intervention would also be highly useful in helping Angelina get completely cured. The educational intervention would consist of six weeks, whereby one session would be taken in every 3 days (Fortinash Worret, 2014). The nurse will also offer pamphlets to discuss about the common symptoms of depression, analyze the common symptoms associated with the disease, s o that she can cope with it in a better way. Through the assimilation of information, the patient will be able to comprehend that she is not the only one to suffer from depression. The Feeling Good handbook will be handed over to her so that she can learn to appreciate life as it is, and understand the need to relax her mind. It is important to diagnose the problem by talking to the family members and her roommates as well. This is why the Psychodynamic treatment modality should also be used for Angelina. In order to comprehend and analyze the unresolved and unconscious conflicts of Angelina, the Interpersonal Therapy for Depression will be used. Accordingly, the nurse will interact with the family members as well as the close friends including the roommates of Angelina to identify the presence and assess the significance of any life-changing event, such as relationship conflicts or social isolation or role transition that might have affected her emotional well-being. However, it should be noted that merely educating the patient about the symptoms and coping strategies of depression may not resolve the problem of Angelina. Loss of sleep and appetite are the common symptoms of depression that cannot be eliminated without the help of proper medication, and yet the patient would fail to feel normal unless she feels physically healthy and energetic. Usually, people suffering from depression, also suffer from anxiety disorders, and hence Angelina will be informed about the mild and commonly used anti-depressants that cool down the nerves, improves appetite and relaxes the mind (Stanners et al. ,2012). The antidepressant medication is usually suggested for patients who are unable to control their moods or change their feelings even after having attended a couple of counselling sessions. In case of Angelina, since she was being admitted, she should be made aware of the mild anti-depressant tablets that are usually prescribed for maximum 15 days, and not more than that, as these often cause undesirable hormonal imbalance (Fortinash Worret, 2014). Since it is evident from Angelinas case that she might be suffering from the problems of psychosocial stressors, interpersonal difficulties or intra-psychic conflict, she needs to be made aware of the meditations lasting for a couple of weeks along with which she will be referred to a professional psychologist. Besides, in order to assess and examine the mental health status of the patient, the Mental Status Examination of Angelina will have to be arranged by the MHN professionals. It is very important to understand the extent to which she is suffering from depression, before prescribing any tip with her. With the help of this test, the usual behaviour and attitude of the patent, along with her speech, mood and motor skills can be examined to comprehend and analyze his mental state. The unkempt appearance or a careless attitude of Angelina must explain the extent to which she is depressed. Again, motor activities including her sense of withdrawal and apathy may be suggestive of her depression disorder and anxiety problems. Angelina will be asked any question and her though process will be measured. In case, Angelina is found to exhibit rapid thinking, also referred to as the flight of ideas, or disorganized though pattern, she will be sent for immediate counselling. Besides, the attention p ower or the concentration skills of the patient will also be checked by asking her t spell a word, such as world both forward and backward. Again, questions such as when was the last time did Angelina want to commit suicide, or had she witnessed a sudden loss of interest in her passion, can be beneficial in analyzing the cause of her depression, and offering necessary treatment for the same (Berk et al., 2013). A risk assessment tools will also be used, considering the fact that Angeline has exhibited frequent symptoms of committing suicide, and hence to prevent any possibility of self-harm or violence in future, the risk assessment questionnaire will be given to Angelina asking her to fill up the same. A risk assessment questionnaire sample is being provided below to illustrate how the risk assessment is likely to be performed by the MHN professionals: Questions to Assess Risks Response Recorded (Yes/No) Did you ever think of killing yourself in the last month? Have any of your family members committed suicide? Were you ever diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa or Myocardial Infarction? Did you recently get yourself in serious trouble with the law? Did you exhibit any recent violent activity towards friends, animals or anyone you hate? Did anyone close to you committed suicide in recent times? In response to the answers recorded, the treatment to be chosen for Angelina would be communicated to her. She would be informed about her present mental health status. In case the risk is too high, the patient will be immediately sent for antidepressant medication, while in case of low risks, the patient can be discharged after a couple of days. Conclusion: Although a very common mental disorder, depression required medical attention if it spans for more than a week. It not only can prove to be fatal, but can affect the productivity of an individual on a daily basis. Low energy, loss of sleep and appetite and lack of self-worth can not only impede the person from performing his daily activities, but it can also lead him to the path of self-destruction. Life itself becomes burdensome for a person who is depressed, and hence proper, effective and systematically organized healthcare service must be offered to patients like Angelina so as to ensure their speedy recovery. Reference List: Australia, P. O., Australia, W. (2017). Mental Health Nursing.HEALTH, 24. Berk, M., Dodd, S., Berk, L. (2013). Treatment of bipolar depression.The Medical Journal of Australia,198(3), 139. doi:10.5694/mja12.11740 Colquhoun, D., Bunker, S., Clarke, D., Glozier, N., Hare, D., Hickie, I., . . . Branagan, M. (2013). National heart foundation of australia consensus statement on depression in patients with coronary heart disease: Recommendations for screening, referral and treatment.Heart, Lung and Circulation,22, S256-S257. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2013.05.612 Dichter, G., Gibbs, D., Smoski, M. (2015). 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